Ventromedial prefrontal volume predicts understanding of others and social network size
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive abilities such as Theory of Mind (ToM), and more generally mentalizing competences, are central to human sociality. Neuroimaging has associated these abilities with specific brain regions including temporo-parietal junction, superior temporal sulcus, frontal pole, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Previous studies have shown both that mentalizing competence, indexed as the ability to correctly understand others' belief states, is associated with social network size and that social group size is correlated with frontal lobe volume across primate species (the social brain hypothesis). Given this, we predicted that both mentalizing competences and the number of social relationships a person can maintain simultaneously will be a function of gray matter volume in these regions associated with conventional Theory of Mind. We used voxel-based morphometry of Magnetic Resonance Images (MRIs) to test this hypothesis in humans. Specifically, we regressed individuals' mentalizing competences and social network sizes against gray matter volume. This revealed that gray matter volume in bilateral posterior frontal pole and left temporoparietal junction and superior temporal sucus varies parametrically with mentalizing competence. Furthermore, gray matter volume in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the ventral portion of medial frontal gyrus, varied parametrically with both mentalizing competence and social network size, demonstrating a shared neural basis for these very different facets of sociality. These findings provide the first fine-grained anatomical support for the social brain hypothesis. As such, they have important implications for our understanding of the constraints limiting social cognition and social network size in humans, as well as for our understanding of how such abilities evolved across primates.
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In cross-sectional studies, social isolation or perceived isolation is associated with brain structure abnormalities, including lower total brain volumes, gray matter volumes, and greater white matter lesion volumes.
“In cross-sectional studies, social isolation or perceived isolation is associated with brain structure abnormalities (volumes and thickness), including lower total brain volumes, gray matter volumes, and greater white matter lesion volumes (Lewis et al., 2011; Salinas et al., 2022; Shen et al., 2022; van der Velpen et al., 2022; Kanai et al., 2012).”
From Internet-Based Conversational Engagement Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (I-CONECT) Among Socially Isolated Adults 75+ Years Old With Normal Cognition or Mild Cognitive Impairment: Topline Results (2024) · cites this paper as Lewis et al., 2011
The Results (page not supplied) report that people with larger social networks had greater gray matter volume in specific ventromedial prefrontal regions, supporting a narrower association between social ties and brain structure. The paper does not establish the cited sentence’s claims about perceived isolation, lower total brain volume, cortical thickness, or greater white matter lesion volume. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Lewis, P. A., Rezaie, R., Brown, R., Roberts, N., & Dunbar, R. I. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- British Academy (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lewis, Penelope A.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1624-1629
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7614375
- OpenAlex
- W2045065057
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 38.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Liverpool
- University of Manchester
- University of Oxford
- British Academy Centenary Research Project
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- theory of mind, mentalization, social network size, social brain hypothesis, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, gray matter volume, frontal pole, temporoparietal junction, superior temporal sulcus, medial orbitofrontal cortex, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Social Behavior, Social Support, Prefrontal Cortex, Comprehension, Young Adult, Theory of Mind
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