Probabilistic atlases for face and biological motion perception: An analysis of their reliability and overlap

“Group analysis was performed with AFNI's 3dttest++ program.”

“…prominent (z> 13); the right pSTS, bilateral amygdala, right fusiform gyrus (a region often functionally defined as the fusiform face area; FFA; Kanwisher et al., 1997), and right anterior occipital sulcus (a region often functionally defined as the occipital face area; OFA; Gauthier et al.,…”

“Indeed, an influential model of face perception proposes that the FFA, OFA, and pSTS are 'core' regions of a neural face-processing network (cf. Haxby et al., 2000).”

“Multi-voxel pattern analysis has shown that category-selective responses can be seen in distributed response patterns that extend outside of the relevant specialized area (Haxby et al., 2001).”

“…(e.g. de Gelder et al., 2010; Downing et al., 2001; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b, 2007), houses and places (e.g. Aguirre et al., 1998; Epstein and Kanwisher, 1998; Epstein et al., 1999; Ishai et al., 1999), and biological motion (e.g. Bonda et al., 1996; Grossman and Blake, 2002;…”

“ports suggest that it is responsible for encoding and updating another's goals based on their actions (Allison et al., 2000; Pelphrey et al., 2004; Shultz and McCarthy, 2012; Shultz et al., 2011).”

“…motion (Bonda et al., 1996; Grezes et al., 2007; Peelen et al., 2006; Pichon et al., 2008; but see Grossman and Blake, 2002) and body-parts (Downing et al., 2001; Hadjikhani and de Gelder, 2003; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b; see de Gelder et al., 2010 for review ), and thus named the…”

“1994; Amaral, 2002; Broks et al., 1998; Calder, 1996; Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Young et al., 1995), single cell electrophysiology (Fried et al., 1997; Kreiman et al., 2000; Leonard et al., 1985), and neuroimaging (Hadj-Bouziane et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2007; Morris et al., 1996).”

“1994; Amaral, 2002; Broks et al., 1998; Calder, 1996; Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Young et al., 1995), single cell electrophysiology (Fried et al., 1997; Kreiman et al., 2000; Leonard et al., 1985), and neuroimaging (Hadj-Bouziane et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2007; Morris et al., 1996).”

“The occipitotemporal cortices contain several ostensibly categoryselective areas defined by their preferential response to different types of stimuli, such as faces (e.g. Haxby et al., 1994; Kanwisher et al., 1997; Puce et al., 1995; Sergent et al., 1992), body-parts (e.”

“Weiner and Grill-Spector, 2011a, 2011b), a cortical region critical for motion perception (DeYoe et al., 1996; Huk et al., 2002; McCarthy et al., 1994; Tootell et al., 1995).”

“We restricted these aROIs to the right hemisphere, given that neuroimaging studies consistently find a right hemisphere bias for face processing (Kanwisher et al., 1997; McCarthy et al., 1997; Rossion et al., 2012; Sergent et al., 1992).”

“…Downing et al., 2001; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b, 2007), houses and places (e.g. Aguirre et al., 1998; Epstein and Kanwisher, 1998; Epstein et al., 1999; Ishai et al., 1999), and biological motion (e.g. Bonda et al., 1996; Grossman and Blake, 2002; Grossman et al., 2000; Puce et al., 1998).”

“The mid -FG has been long known to show a preferential response to faces (e.g. Haxby et al., 1994; Kanwisher et al., 1997; Puce et al., 1995; Sergent et al., 1992 ), and has been termed the 'fusiform face area' on this basis (FFA; Kanwisher et al., 1997).”

“Weiner and Grill-Spector, 2011a, 2011b), a cortical region critical for motion perception (DeYoe et al., 1996; Huk et al., 2002; McCarthy et al., 1994; Tootell et al., 1995).”

“…Downing et al., 2001; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b, 2007), houses and places (e.g. Aguirre et al., 1998; Epstein and Kanwisher, 1998; Epstein et al., 1999; Ishai et al., 1999), and biological motion (e.g. Bonda et al., 1996; Grossman and Blake, 2002; Grossman et al., 2000; Puce et al., 1998).”

“…Downing et al., 2001; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b, 2007), houses and places (e.g. Aguirre et al., 1998; Epstein and Kanwisher, 1998; Epstein et al., 1999; Ishai et al., 1999), and biological motion (e.g. Bonda et al., 1996; Grossman and Blake, 2002; Grossman et al., 2000; Puce et al., 1998).”

“…the context of intracranial EEG studies of face perception, which do not find evidence of right-hemisphere dominance based on the location and observed number of face-selective ERPs recorded from the ventral surface of occipitotemporal cortex (Allison et al., 1994, 1999; Engell and McCarthy, 2011).”

“, 1997), and right anterior occipital sulcus (a region often functionally defined as the occipital face area; OFA; Gauthier et al., 2000).”

“…al., 2010; Downing et al., 2001; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b, 2007), houses and places (e.g. Aguirre et al., 1998; Epstein and Kanwisher, 1998; Epstein et al., 1999; Ishai et al., 1999), and biological motion (e.g. Bonda et al., 1996; Grossman and Blake, 2002; Grossman et al., 2000; Puce et…”

“with single-cell recording in the macaque (Sugase et al., 1999).”

“The intersection of the anterior occipital and inferior temporal sulci has been shown to have a category-selective response to biological motion (Bonda et al., 1996; Grezes et al., 2007; Peelen et al., 2006; Pichon et al., 2008; but see Grossman and Blake, 2002) and”

“…Haxby et al., 1994; Kanwisher et al., 1997; Puce et al., 1995; Sergent et al., 1992), body-parts (e.g. de Gelder et al., 2010; Downing et al., 2001; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b, 2007), houses and places (e.g. Aguirre et al., 1998; Epstein and Kanwisher, 1998; Epstein et al., 1999; Ishai et…”

“1994; Amaral, 2002; Broks et al., 1998; Calder, 1996; Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Young et al., 1995), single cell electrophysiology (Fried et al., 1997; Kreiman et al., 2000; Leonard et al., 1985), and neuroimaging (Hadj-Bouziane et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2007; Morris et al., 1996).”

“The mid -FG has been long known to show a preferential response to faces (e.g. Haxby et al., 1994; Kanwisher et al., 1997; Puce et al., 1995; Sergent et al., 1992 ), and has been termed the 'fusiform face area' on this basis (FFA; Kanwisher et al., 1997).”

“…Haxby et al., 1994; Kanwisher et al., 1997; Puce et al., 1995; Sergent et al., 1992), body-parts (e.g. de Gelder et al., 2010; Downing et al., 2001; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b, 2007), houses and places (e.g. Aguirre et al., 1998; Epstein and Kanwisher, 1998; Epstein et al., 1999; Ishai et…”

“…have a category-selective response to biological motion (Bonda et al., 1996; Grezes et al., 2007; Peelen et al., 2006; Pichon et al., 2008; but see Grossman and Blake, 2002) and body-parts (Downing et al., 2001; Hadjikhani and de Gelder, 2003; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b; see de Gelder et…”

“Weiner and Grill-Spector, 2011a, 2011b), a cortical region critical for motion perception (DeYoe et al., 1996; Huk et al., 2002; McCarthy et al., 1994; Tootell et al., 1995).”

“…the context of intracranial EEG studies of face perception, which do not find evidence of right-hemisphere dominance based on the location and observed number of face-selective ERPs recorded from the ventral surface of occipitotemporal cortex (Allison et al., 1994, 1999; Engell and McCarthy, 2011).”

“tures that facilitate recognition of gaze-direction and emotional expression (Engell and Haxby, 2007; Haxby et al., 2000; Puce et al., 1998; Said et al., 2010).”

“Although there is some evidence for functional specialization of this region (Liu et al., 2010; Nichols et al., 2010; Pitcher et al., 2007; Rotshtein et al., 2005), this area is often contiguous with the FFA raising similar concerns as those described above regarding spatial heterogeneity across…”

“Despite some debate as to when it is appropriate to adopt an fROI approach (cf. Friston et al., 2006; Saxe et al., 2006), it is a widely used method for analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data.”

“1994; Amaral, 2002; Broks et al., 1998; Calder, 1996; Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Young et al., 1995), single cell electrophysiology (Fried et al., 1997; Kreiman et al., 2000; Leonard et al., 1985), and neuroimaging (Hadj-Bouziane et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2007; Morris et al., 1996).”

“1994; Amaral, 2002; Broks et al., 1998; Calder, 1996; Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Young et al., 1995), single cell electrophysiology (Fried et al., 1997; Kreiman et al., 2000; Leonard et al., 1985), and neuroimaging (Hadj-Bouziane et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2007; Morris et al., 1996).”

“…et al., 1992), body-parts (e.g. de Gelder et al., 2010; Downing et al., 2001; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b, 2007), houses and places (e.g. Aguirre et al., 1998; Epstein and Kanwisher, 1998; Epstein et al., 1999; Ishai et al., 1999), and biological motion (e.g. Bonda et al., 1996;…”

“Although there is some evidence for functional specialization of this region (Liu et al., 2010; Nichols et al., 2010; Pitcher et al., 2007; Rotshtein et al., 2005), this area is often contiguous with the FFA raising similar concerns as those described above regarding spatial heterogeneity across…”

“ports suggest that it is responsible for encoding and updating another's goals based on their actions (Allison et al., 2000; Pelphrey et al., 2004; Shultz and McCarthy, 2012; Shultz et al., 2011).”

“The pSTS (primarily in the right hemisphere) is engaged during perception of biological motion (Beauchamp et al., 2003; Bonda et al., 1996; Grossman and Blake, 2002; Grossman et al., 2000; Pelphrey et al., 2003; Puce et al., 1998; Saygin et al., 2003).”

“Reliability of the localizer responses Despite some debate as to when it is appropriate to adopt an fROI approach (cf. Friston et al., 2006; Saxe et al., 2006), it is a widely used method for analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data.”

“We have previously suggested on the basis of ERP recordings made directly from ventral temporal cortex that there may be a temporal dimension to modular processing (Puce et al., 1999).”

“1994; Amaral, 2002; Broks et al., 1998; Calder, 1996; Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Young et al., 1995), single cell electrophysiology (Fried et al., 1997; Kreiman et al., 2000; Leonard et al., 1985), and neuroimaging (Hadj-Bouziane et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2007; Morris et al., 1996).”

“1994; Amaral, 2002; Broks et al., 1998; Calder, 1996; Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Young et al., 1995), single cell electrophysiology (Fried et al., 1997; Kreiman et al., 2000; Leonard et al., 1985), and neuroimaging (Hadj-Bouziane et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2007; Morris et al., 1996).”

“1994; Amaral, 2002; Broks et al., 1998; Calder, 1996; Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Young et al., 1995), single cell electrophysiology (Fried et al., 1997; Kreiman et al., 2000; Leonard et al., 1985), and neuroimaging (Hadj-Bouziane et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2007; Morris et al., 1996).”

“…of all is recent evidence that the 'fusiform face area' (FFA; Kanwisher et al., 1997), maybe the most well known and thoroughly studies of these regions, might not be a single area but rather comprise a series of face-selective patches (Pinsk et al., 2009; Weiner and Grill-Spector, 2011a).”

“Although there is some evidence for functional specialization of this region (Liu et al., 2010; Nichols et al., 2010; Pitcher et al., 2007; Rotshtein et al., 2005), this area is often contiguous with the FFA raising similar concerns as those described above regarding spatial heterogeneity across…”

“The pSTS (primarily in the right hemisphere) is engaged during perception of biological motion (Beauchamp et al., 2003; Bonda et al., 1996; Grossman and Blake, 2002; Grossman et al., 2000; Pelphrey et al., 2003; Puce et al., 1998; Saygin et al., 2003).”

“…types of stimuli, such as faces (e.g. Haxby et al., 1994; Kanwisher et al., 1997; Puce et al., 1995; Sergent et al., 1992), body-parts (e.g. de Gelder et al., 2010; Downing et al., 2001; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b, 2007), houses and places (e.g. Aguirre et al., 1998; Epstein and…”

“between face and static body responses have made an analogous argument (Kriegeskorte et al., 2008; Peelen et al., 2006; Schwarzlose et al., 2005; Weiner and Grill-Spector, 2010).”

“…of the anterior occipital and inferior temporal sulci has been shown to have a category-selective response to biological motion (Bonda et al., 1996; Grezes et al., 2007; Peelen et al., 2006; Pichon et al., 2008; but see Grossman and Blake, 2002) and body-parts (Downing et al., 2001; Hadjikhani and…”

“1994; Amaral, 2002; Broks et al., 1998; Calder, 1996; Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Young et al., 1995), single cell electrophysiology (Fried et al., 1997; Kreiman et al., 2000; Leonard et al., 1985), and neuroimaging (Hadj-Bouziane et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2007; Morris et al., 1996).”

“We restricted these aROIs to the right hemisphere, given that neuroimaging studies consistently find a right hemisphere bias for face processing (Kanwisher et al., 1997; McCarthy et al., 1997; Rossion et al., 2012; Sergent et al., 1992).”

“Probabilistic atlases of brain structure and function are increasingly useful tools for localization and interpretation fMRI results (Van Essen, 2002).”

“1994; Amaral, 2002; Broks et al., 1998; Calder, 1996; Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Young et al., 1995), single cell electrophysiology (Fried et al., 1997; Kreiman et al., 2000; Leonard et al., 1985), and neuroimaging (Hadj-Bouziane et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2007; Morris et al., 1996).”

“…of all is recent evidence that the 'fusiform face area' (FFA; Kanwisher et al., 1997), maybe the most well known and thoroughly studies of these regions, might not be a single area but rather comprise a series of face-selective patches (Pinsk et al., 2009; Weiner and Grill-Spector, 2011a).”

“tures that facilitate recognition of gaze-direction and emotional expression (Engell and Haxby, 2007; Haxby et al., 2000; Puce et al., 1998; Said et al., 2010).”

“…sulci has been shown to have a category-selective response to biological motion (Bonda et al., 1996; Grezes et al., 2007; Peelen et al., 2006; Pichon et al., 2008; but see Grossman and Blake, 2002) and body-parts (Downing et al., 2001; Hadjikhani and de Gelder, 2003; Peelen and Downing,…”

“…of all is recent evidence that the 'fusiform face area' (FFA; Kanwisher et al., 1997), maybe the most well known and thoroughly studies of these regions, might not be a single area but rather comprise a series of face-selective patches (Pinsk et al., 2009; Weiner and Grill-Spector, 2011a).”

“…body area' (FBA; Schwarzlose et al., 2005), an area of ventral temporal cortex that responds more strongly to the perception of bodies than to faces or other objects (Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b; Peelen et al., 2006; Pinsk et al., 2009; Schwarzlose et al., 2005; van de Riet et al., 2009).”

“…Haxby et al., 1994; Kanwisher et al., 1997; Puce et al., 1995; Sergent et al., 1992), body-parts (e.g. de Gelder et al., 2010; Downing et al., 2001; Peelen and Downing, 2005a, 2005b, 2007), houses and places (e.g. Aguirre et al., 1998; Epstein and Kanwisher, 1998; Epstein et al., 1999; Ishai et…”

“At the liberal threshold of z > 1.65, these face reliability results are roughly consistent with those reported for language localizers (Duncan et al., 2009).”

“1994; Amaral, 2002; Broks et al., 1998; Calder, 1996; Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Young et al., 1995), single cell electrophysiology (Fried et al., 1997; Kreiman et al., 2000; Leonard et al., 1985), and neuroimaging (Hadj-Bouziane et al., 2008; Hoffman et al., 2007; Morris et al., 1996).”

“, 2003), sensitivity to task manipulations (Berman et al., 2010; Rossion et al., 2012), and the spatial reliability of activation maps (Duncan and Devlin, 2011; Duncan et al.”

“Weiner and Grill-Spector, 2011a, 2011b), a cortical region critical for motion perception (DeYoe et al., 1996; Huk et al., 2002; McCarthy et al., 1994; Tootell et al., 1995).”

“Amygdala activation evoked by faces is so pervasive that some have argued it is a truly integral part of normal face-perception and should not be relegated to the status of an ancillary or 'extended' node of the neural face processing network (Todorov, 2012).”

“…the context of intracranial EEG studies of face perception, which do not find evidence of right-hemisphere dominance based on the location and observed number of face-selective ERPs recorded from the ventral surface of occipitotemporal cortex (Allison et al., 1994, 1999; Engell and McCarthy, 2011).”

“The shifting selectivity of these regions likely occurs too quickly to be resolved by fMRI, but is consistent with our EEG findings (Engell and McCarthy, 2010, 2011; Engell et al., 2012) and with single-cell recording in the macaque (Sugase et al., 1999).”

“Our measures of within-participant spatial reliability should not be affected by this spatial standardization (Swallow et al., 2003).”

“The shifting selectivity of these regions likely occurs too quickly to be resolved by fMRI, but is consistent with our EEG findings (Engell and McCarthy, 2010, 2011; Engell et al., 2012) and”

“Although there is some evidence for functional specialization of this region (Liu et al., 2010; Nichols et al., 2010; Pitcher et al., 2007; Rotshtein et al., 2005), this area is often contiguous with the FFA raising similar concerns as those described above regarding spatial heterogeneity across…”

“ports suggest that it is responsible for encoding and updating another's goals based on their actions (Allison et al., 2000; Pelphrey et al., 2004; Shultz and McCarthy, 2012; Shultz et al., 2011).”

“Indeed, the inclusion of localizer tasks is often required by reviewers (Friston and Henson, 2006).”

“, 2012), and the spatial reliability of activation maps (Duncan and Devlin, 2011; Duncan et al., 2009; Kung et al., 2007) and”

“, 2012), and the spatial reliability of activation maps (Duncan and Devlin, 2011; Duncan et al., 2009; Kung et al., 2007) and”

“…activation in face selective regions of the fusiform gyrus (as defined by face localizer tasks) by the apparent animate motion of non-face simple geometric forms (Gao, Scholl, McCarthy, under review ) and by non-human machines that are engaged in purposeful motion (Shultz and McCarthy, 2012).”

“Indeed, several studies that investigated the overlap between face and static body responses have made an analogous argument (Kriegeskorte et al., 2008; Peelen et al., 2006; Schwarzlose et al., 2005; Weiner and Grill-Spector, 2010).”

“Lastly, we investigated response profiles of overlapping regions, by defining overlapping ROIs in one half of the dataset, and extracting responses from left-out, unsmoothed data (Fig.”

“Earlier studies supported the existence of face-selective amygdala regions in monkeys (Logothetis, Guggenberger, Peled, & Pauls, 1999; Hoffman, Gothard, Schmid, & Logothetis, 2007) and in humans (Engell & McCarthy, 2013; Rossion, Hanseeuw, & Dricot, 2012).”

“Of note, our data did not allow the differentiation of the pFus-faces and mFus-faces (Engell and McCarthy, 2013; Pinsk et al., 2009; Weiner and Grill-Spector, 2010) because most subjects showed only one cluster spanning from the posterior to middle FG.”

“, 2010), with a probabilistic atlas of face activations derived from a large population (Engell and McCarthy, 2013).”

“…ROI data from an independent set of typical participants (Frost and Goebel 2012; ventral-temporal cortex category selectivity: Julian et al. 2012; Engell and McCarthy 2013; Zhen et al. 2017a; Weiner et al. 2018; visual field maps: Benson et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2014; motion-selective hMT: Huang…”

“Thus, the probabilistic activation map provides information regarding the interindividual variability of faceselective activation (Van Essen, 2002; Julian et al., 2012; Tahmasebi et al., 2012; Engell and McCarthy, 2013; Zhen et al., 2015).”

“We focused on right-hemisphere regions that showed a face-selective response in a functional localizer task in the same participants, including the OFA, FFA, STS, a portion of PrC in the anterior collateral sulcus, and another medial structure that has sometimes been found to showa face selective response in other stu…”

“Further, as the early visual cortex (EVC) is frequently activated in the face tasks (Engell and McCarthy, 2013; Julian et al., 2012; Pitcher et al., 2011), and is connected with the core face areas (Lohse et al., 2016), we examined whether DP's abnormal connectivity between the right FFA and the…”

“…primarily in the right hemisphere (e.g., Grossman et al., 2000; Vaina et al., 2001; Puce and Perrett, 2003; Michels et al., 2005, 2009; Gobbini et al., 2007; Saygin, 2007; Kaiser et al., 2010; Herrington et al., 2011; for recent meta-analyses see Grosbras et al., 2012; Engell and McCarthy, 2013).”

“…categories (e.g., faces, everyday objects, novel objects, etc.) and looking for voxels or neurons that show preference for one or more categories—localizer studies have rarely labeled the amygdala as containing face-selective voxels (cf. Engell & McCarthy, 2013; Rossion, Hanseeuw, & Dricot, 2012).”

“We also defined multiple face ROIs within the fusiform gyrus (see Weiner et al., 2014; Engell and McCarthy, 2013).”

“…Rossion et al., 2012; Weiner & Grill-Spector, 2010) and replicate reports according to which face-selective activity is right-lateralized and elicited more consistently in the FFA than the OFA (e.g., Andrews, Davies-Thompson, Kingstone, & Young, 2010; Engell & McCarthy, 2013; Rossion et al., 2003).”

“The FFA was approximated by intersecting an anatomical mask of the fusiform gyrus (from the Harvard–Oxford cortical atlas) with a probabilistic map of face activations thresholded at 50% (Atlas of Social Agent Perception, http://www.andrewengell.com/wp; see Engell and McCarthy, 2013 ).”

“…HC relative to other brain areas; see Machielsen and Rombouts, 2000], but also understanding the spatial profile of these individual-level activations and how it compares to group-level statistics [e.g., Engell and McCarthy, 2013; Morrison and Downing, 2007; Nieto-Casta~n on and Fedorenko, 2012].”

“The striking overlap of these networks is highlighted in a largesample fMRI study (Engell and McCarthy, 2013).”

“The regions in the FN were in agreement with the face-selective regions identified in previous studies [Engell and McCarthy, 2013; Gobbini and Haxby, 2007; Haxby et al., 2000; Ishai, 2008; Kanwisher and Yovel, 2006; Pitcher et al., 2011a; Zhen et al., 2013].”

“Therefore, the present study argues for a dissociation of the neural systems for the processing of faces and for the processing of BM. Interestingly, these systems have often been considered as tightly linked (Engell & McCarthy, 2013).”

“Indeed, when revisiting the prior literature with this result in mind, it is not clear that this face pSTS region has been reliably differentiated from the proposed pSTS region for biological motion (Allison et al. 2000; Peelen et al. 2006; Engell and McCarthy 2013).”

“…such as human-like surface features or biological motion, are sufficient to activate regions involved in animacy detection (Shultz & McCarthy, 2012; Engell & McCarthy, 2013), the current results indicate that FG activation to these cues is attenuated when accompanied by clear evidence that the…”

“…with the face-selective regions identified in previous studies on children (Joseph et al. 2011; Haist et al. 2013) and adults (Haxby et al. 2000; Kanwisher and Yovel 2006; Gobbini and Haxby 2007; Ishai 2008; Pitcher et al. 2011; Engell and McCarthy 2013; Zhen et al. 2013, 2015; Wang et al. 2016b).”

“…atlases are being increasingly developed to define these face-selective clusters/regions in a new individual brain based on its cortical anatomy and using functional data collected on an independent set of typical participants (Julian et al. 2012; Engell and McCarthy 2013; Rosenke et al. 2021).”

“Such a large interindividual variability had also been found previous studies (Bridge, Clare, & Krug, 2014; Engell & McCarthy, 2013; Large et al., 2016).”

“This agrees well with the right hemispheric lateralization of BM processing with wide repertoires of actions (Grosbras et al. 2012; Engell and McCarthy 2013).”

“The nomenclature for the multiple patches in the fusiform gyrus varies (Weiner et al., 2014; Engell and McCarthy, 2013).”

“Further, neuroimaging studies have reliably reported that face and BM perception involved common brain regions (Blake & Shiffrar, 2007; Engell & McCarthy, 2013; Grossman et al., 2000; Peelen et al., 2006; Servos et al., 2002; Vaina et al., 2001).”

“Posterior (FFA1) and anterior (FFA2) portions of the FFA (Pinsk et al. 2009; Weiner et al. 2010; Engell & McCarthy, 2013) were defined using a fixed mm spread of activation to ensure consistency with reported sizes of these functional ROIs in the literature as well as consistency across subjects…”

“Yet, to our knowledge, only two of these studies included more than 100 participants (N=121, Engell & McCarthy, 2013; N=202, Zhen et al., 2015) with the goal of generating probabilistic atlases.”

“Next, we used probabilistic atlases for face and biological motion perception to further constrain our ROIs using functional criteria (Engell and McCarthy, 2013).”

“This contrast map was similar to probabilistic maps of face sensitive regions (Engell and McCarthy, 2013).”

“Human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have identified a series of three face sensitive patches on human fusiform gyrus (Pinsk et al. 2009; Engell and McCarthy 2013; Grill-Spector et al. 2017).”

“A strikingly similar observation was made by McCarthy and Engell (2013) who reported activation maps for the contrasts faces versus scenes and houses in a large group of participants (see Fig.”

“As the FFA is an area within the fusiform gyrus defined by its preferential responding to faces, we first created a mask of the FFA using the probability map obtained for a localizer task in an earlier study (N = 124) for the contrast faces versus scenes (Engell & McCarthy, 2013).”

“Second, we intersected the anatomical maps with probabilistic functional maps from the probabilistic atlas of face-sensitive brain regions (Engell & McCarthy, 2013).”

“Using the face network as an example, all regions of this network are face selective, but computations for faces (e.g., face parts vs. whole) are distributed in discrete domain-specific regions (Engell and McCarthy 2013; Haxby et al. 2000; Tsao et al. 2003).”

“Accordingly, the probabilistic activation map provides information about interindividual differences in semantic selectivity in each voxel (Engell & McCarthy 2013; Julian et al., 2012; Tahmasebi et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016; Zhen et al., 2015).”

“It is inspired by the use of cortical (Cabezas et al., 2011; Evans et al., 2012) and functional atlases (Engell & McCarthy, 2013; Huang et al., 2019; Rosenke et al., 2020; Weiner et al., 2018; Zhen et al., 2017) to localize ROIs in new individuals.”

“ROI based upon the Atlas of Social Agent Perception (ASAP; Engell and McCarthy, 2013), a probabilistic atlas developed from a large localizer dataset (n = 124) com-”

“In adults, BM processing is mediated by occipitotemporal areas, including the right posterior superior temporal sulcus and the fusiform face area (Engell & McCarthy, 2013; Grossman & Blake, 2002; Sokolov et al., 2018; Vaina et al., 2001).”

“…but partial and whole faces with neutral expressions (Adolphs et al., 1998; Davies-Thompson and Andrews, 2012; Engell et al., 2007, 2010; Engell and McCarthy, 2013; Fried et al., 1997; Gothard et al., 2007; Rossion et al., 2012; Rutishauser et al., 2015, 2011; Todorov and Duchaine,…”

“Next, we created a functional mask of face processing areas using the probability map obtained for a localizer task in an earlier study (N 124) for the contrast faces versus scenes (Engell & McCarthy, 2013).”

“The right-hemisphere dominance for face and body responses in TP aligns with a substantial literature demonstrating right-lateralization in occipitotemporal cortex (Engell & McCarthy, 2013; Kanwisher et al., 1997; Wang et al., 2020).”

“…Weiner and Grill-Spector, 2010; Davidenko et al., 2012; Julian et al., 2012; Kietzmann et al., 2012; Parvizi et al., 2012; Çukur et al., 2013; Engell and McCarthy, 2013; McGugin et al., 2014, 2015, 2016; Gomez et al., 2015, 2017, 2018; Kay et al., 2015; Stigliani et al., 2015, 2019; Zhen et…”

“However, these efforts have instead yielded complex activation patterns that are difficult to interpret (Engell & McCarthy, 2013; Gob-bini et al., 2007; Hein & Knight, 2008; Lahnakoski et al., 2012; Pelphrey et al., 2005).”