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Time course of clinical change following neurofeedback
Open accessAbstract
Neurofeedback - learning to modulate brain function through real-time monitoring of current brain state - is both a powerful method to perturb and probe brain function and an exciting potential clinical tool. For neurofeedback effects to be useful clinically, they must persist. Here we examine the time course of symptom change following neurofeedback in two clinical populations, combining data from two ongoing neurofeedback studies. This analysis reveals a shared pattern of symptom change, in which symptoms continue to improve for weeks after neurofeedback. This time course has several implications for future neurofeedback studies. Most neurofeedback studies are not designed to test an intervention with this temporal pattern of response. We recommend that new studies incorporate regular follow-up of subjects for weeks or months after the intervention to ensure that the time point of greatest effect is sampled. Furthermore, this time course of continuing clinical change has implications for crossover designs, which may attribute long-term, ongoing effects of real neurofeedback to the control intervention that follows. Finally, interleaving neurofeedback sessions with assessments and examining when clinical improvement peaks may not be an appropriate approach to determine the optimal number of sessions for an application.
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“however, a general lack of extended follow-up and failure to assess for the emergence of delayed treatment effects is common in the literature [107].”
From Infraslow closed-loop brain training for anxiety and depression (ISAD): a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial in adult females with internalizing disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [107]
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“Moreover, despite increasing evidence for the maintenance of neural regulatory control acquired during NF trainings in the absence of feedback and for periods of several days (Rance et al., 2018, Yao et al., 2016, Zhao et al., 2019) the transfer of the acquired strategies to everyday life and the perceived efficiency have not been systematically examined in PTSD.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Rance et al., 2018
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rance, M., Walsh, C., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Pittman, B., Qiu, M., Kichuk, S. A., Wasylink, S., Koller, W. N., Bloch, M., Gruner, P., Scheinost, D., Pittenger, C., & Hampson, M.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hampson, Michelle
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 181
- Pages
- 807-813
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6454268
- OpenAlex
- W2801541300
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 8.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01 MH079130, R01 MH095789, R01 MH100068)
- NIRSA Foundation (PCT/US2017/036532)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- neurofeedback, treatment persistence, crossover design
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Time Factors, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Prefrontal Cortex, Mind-Body Therapies, Neurofeedback, Functional Neuroimaging
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