The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Time course of clinical change following neurofeedback
Open accessAbstract
Neurofeedback - learning to modulate brain function through real-time monitoring of current brain state - is both a powerful method to perturb and probe brain function and an exciting potential clinical tool. For neurofeedback effects to be useful clinically, they must persist. Here we examine the time course of symptom change following neurofeedback in two clinical populations, combining data from two ongoing neurofeedback studies. This analysis reveals a shared pattern of symptom change, in which symptoms continue to improve for weeks after neurofeedback. This time course has several implications for future neurofeedback studies. Most neurofeedback studies are not designed to test an intervention with this temporal pattern of response. We recommend that new studies incorporate regular follow-up of subjects for weeks or months after the intervention to ensure that the time point of greatest effect is sampled. Furthermore, this time course of continuing clinical change has implications for crossover designs, which may attribute long-term, ongoing effects of real neurofeedback to the control intervention that follows. Finally, interleaving neurofeedback sessions with assessments and examining when clinical improvement peaks may not be an appropriate approach to determine the optimal number of sessions for an application.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“however, a general lack of extended follow-up and failure to assess for the emergence of delayed treatment effects is common in the literature [107].”
From Infraslow closed-loop brain training for anxiety and depression (ISAD): a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial in adult females with internalizing disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [107]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, despite increasing evidence for the maintenance of neural regulatory control acquired during NF trainings in the absence of feedback and for periods of several days (Rance et al., 2018, Yao et al., 2016, Zhao et al., 2019) the transfer of the acquired strategies to everyday life and the perceived efficiency have not been systematically examined in PTSD.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Rance et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hebb, D. O. (2005) · doi:10.4324/9781410612403 · Cited by 9,825
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, Use, and Reliability
Goodman, W. K. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007 · Cited by 7,712
The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory
(1950) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1950.02910470083028 · Cited by 4,272
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: II. Validity
Goodman, W. K. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008 · Cited by 2,799
The yale global tic severity scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity
LECKMAN, J. F., RIDDLE, M. A., HARDIN, M. T., ORT, S. I., SWARTZ, K. L., STEVENSON, J., & COHEN, D. J. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198907000-00015 · Cited by 2,146
Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback
Sitaram, R., Ros, T., Stoeckel, L., Haller, S., Scharnowski, F., Lewis-Peacock, J., Weiskopf, N., Blefari, M. L., Rana, M., Oblak, E., et al. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.164 · Cited by 1,306
The Molecular and Systems Biology of Memory
Kandel, E. R., Dudai, Y., & Mayford, M. R. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001 · Cited by 1,134
Control over brain activation and pain learned by using real-time functional MRI
deCharms, R. C., Maeda, F., Glover, G. H., Ludlow, D., Pauly, J. M., Soneji, D., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Mackey, S. C. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505210102 · Cited by 876
Selection of Intrinsic Horizontal Connections in the Visual Cortex by Correlated Neuronal Activity
Löwel, S., & Singer, W. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1372754 · Cited by 732
Behavior Therapy for Children With Tourette Disorder
Piacentini, J. C., Woods, D. W., Scahill, L. D., Wilhelm, S., Peterson, A. L., Chang, S. W., Ginsburg, G. S., Deckersbach, T., Dziura, J., Levi-Pearl, S., et al. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.607 · Cited by 722
Course of Tic Severity in Tourette Syndrome: The First Two Decades
Leckman, J. F., Zhang, H., Vitale, A., Lahnin, F., Lynch, K., Bondi, C., Kim, Y.-S., & Peterson, B. S. (1998) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.102.1.14 · Cited by 685
Meta-analysis of the symptom structure of obsessive–compulsive disorder
Bloch, M. H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Rosario, M. C., Pittenger, C., & Leckman, J. F. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020320 · Cited by 681
Self-citationThe Restless Engram: Consolidations Never End
Dudai, Y. (2012) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150500 · Cited by 644
Real-Time Self-Regulation of Emotion Networks in Patients with Depression
Linden, D. E. J., Isabelle, H., Johnston, S. J., Linden, S. C., Ranjit, T., Subramanian, L., Sorger, B., Healy, D., & Goebel, R. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038115 · Cited by 438
Weiskopf, N., Veit, R., Erb, M., Mathiak, K., Grodd, W., Goebel, R., & Birbaumer, N. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00145-9 · Cited by 422
Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Ambulatory Cocaine Abusers
Carroll, K. M. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030013002 · Cited by 348
Young, K. D., Siegle, G. J., Zotev, V., Phillips, R., Misaki, M., Yuan, H., Drevets, W. C., & Bodurka, J. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16060637 · Cited by 331
Randomized Trial of Behavior Therapy for Adults With Tourette Syndrome
Wilhelm, S., Peterson, A. L., Piacentini, J. C., Woods, D. W., Deckersbach, T., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Chang, S. W., Liu, H., Dziura, J., Walkup, J. T., et al. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1528 · Cited by 330
Self-citationClosed-loop training of attention with real-time brain imaging
deBettencourt, M. T., Cohen, J. D., Lee, R. F., Norman, K. A., & Turk‐Browne, N. B. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3940 · Cited by 324
Piacentini, J. C., Bergman, R. L., Chang, S. W., Langley, A. K., Peris, T. S., Wood, J. J., & McCracken, J. T. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.08.003 · Cited by 287
Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Subramanian, L., Hindle, J. V., Johnston, S. J., Roberts, M. V., Husain, M., Goebel, R., & Linden, D. E. J. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3498-11.2011 · Cited by 273
Rota, G., Sitaram, R., Veit, R., Erb, M., Weiskopf, N., Dogil, G., & Birbaumer, N. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20621 · Cited by 267
Carìa, A., Sitaram, R., Veit, R., Begliomini, C., & Birbaumer, N. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.020 · Cited by 244
Scheinost, D., Stoica, T., Saksa, J., Papademetris, X., Constable, R. T., Pittenger, C., & Hampson, M. (2013) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.24 · Cited by 201
Self-citationLearning Control Over Emotion Networks Through Connectivity-Based Neurofeedback
Koush, Y., Meskaldji, D.-E., Pichon, S., Rey, G., Rieger, S. W., Linden, D. E. J., Ville, D. V. D., Vuilleumier, P. O., & Scharnowski, F. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv311 · Cited by 158
Multivoxel neurofeedback selectively modulates confidence without changing perceptual performance
Cortese, A., Amano, K., Koizumi, A., Kawato, M., & Lau, H. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13669 · Cited by 157 · cited 1×
“rt-fMRI neurofeedback can induce alterations in many different aspects of mental function (Caria et al., 2010; Cortese et al., 2016; deBettencourt et al., 2015; Grone et al., 2015; Koush et al., 2017; Rota et al., 2009; Scharnowski et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2013a) and shows promise for improving a variety of differe…”
BackgroundMegumi, F., Yamashita, A., Kawato, M., & Imamizu, H. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00160 · Cited by 143
Yuan, H., Young, K. D., Phillips, R., Zotev, V. S., Misaki, M., & Bodurka, J. (2014) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2014.0262 · Cited by 141
Evidence base update for psychosocial treatments for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder
Freeman, J., Garcia, A., Frank, H., Benito, K., Conelea, C., Walther, M., & Edmunds, J. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.804386 · Cited by 139
fMRI neurofeedback facilitates anxiety regulation in females with spider phobia
Zilverstand, A., Sorger, B., Sarkheil, P., & Goebel, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00148 · Cited by 133
Manipulating motor performance and memory through real-time fMRI neurofeedback
Scharnowski, F., Veit, R., Zopf, R., Studer, P., Bock, S., Diedrichsen, J., Goebel, R., Mathiak, K., Birbaumer, N., & Weiskopf, N. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.009 · Cited by 115
Alterations of amygdala-prefrontal connectivity with real-time fMRI neurofeedback in BPD patients.
Paret, C., Kluetsch, R., Zaehringer, J., Ruf, M., Demirakca, T., Bohus, M., Ende, G., & Schmahl, C. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw016 · Cited by 114
Direct modulation of aberrant brain network connectivity through real-time NeuroFeedback
Ramot, M., Kimmich, S., González-Castillo, J., Roopchansingh, V., Popal, H. S., White, E. I., Gotts, S. J., & Martin, A. D. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.28974 · Cited by 111
Harmelech, T., Preminger, S., Wertman, E., & Malach, R. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5911-12.2013 · Cited by 110
Amano, K., Shibata, K., Kawato, M., Sasaki, Y., & Watanabe, T. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.014 · Cited by 104
Yoo, S., Lee, J., O'Leary, H., Panych, L. P., & Jolesz, F. A. (2008) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.20139 · Cited by 101
Zhang, G., Yao, L., Zhang, H., Long, Z., & Zhao, X. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073735 · Cited by 98
Schizophrenia and the Efficacy of qEEG-Guided Neurofeedback Treatment
Sürmeli, T., Ertem, A., Eralp, E., & Kos, I. H. (2012) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059411429531 · Cited by 92
Cox, W. M., Subramanian, L., Linden, D. E. J., Lührs, M., McNamara, R. L., Playle, R., Hood, K., Watson, G. L., Whittaker, J. R., Sakhuja, R., et al. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1607-7 · Cited by 91
Real-time fMRI neurofeedback with War Veterans with chronic PTSD: a feasibility study
Gerin, M. I., Fichtenholtz, H., Roy, A., Walsh, C. J., Krystal, J. H., Southwick, S., & Hampson, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00111 · Cited by 84
Self-citationGoldstein, M. G., NIAURA, R. S., Follick, M. J., & Abrams, D. B. (1989) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.146.1.56 · Cited by 83
Gevensleben, H., Moll, G. H., Rothenberger, A., & Heinrich, H. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00846 · Cited by 64
Hampson, M., Scheinost, D., Qiu, M., Bhawnani, J., Lacadie, C., Leckman, J. F., Constable, R. T., & Papademetris, X. (2011) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2011.0002 · Cited by 58
Self-citationEngelbregt, H., Keeser, D., van Eijk, L., Suiker, E. M., Eichhorn, D., Karch, S., Deijen, J. B., & Pogarell, O. M. (2016) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.004 · Cited by 57
Fineberg, N. A., Hengartner, M. P., Bergbaum, C., Gale, T. M., Wulf Rössler, A., & Angst, J. (2013) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2013.777744 · Cited by 57
Stability of cortical self-regulation in epilepsy patients
Kotchoubey, B., Blankenhorn, V., Fröscher, W., Strehl, U., & Birbaumer, N. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199705260-00015 · Cited by 49
Gröne, M., Dyck, M., Koush, Y., Bergert, S., Mathiak, K., Alawi, E. M., Elliott, M. A., & Mathiak, K. (2014) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-014-0384-4 · Cited by 48
Decoded fMRI neurofeedback can induce bidirectional confidence changes within single participants
Cortese, A., Amano, K., Koizumi, A., Lau, H. C., & Kawato, M. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.069 · Cited by 45
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and the Efficacy of qEEG-Guided Neurofeedback Treatment: A Case Series
Sürmeli, T., & Ertem, A. (2011) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/155005941104200310 · Cited by 43
Neurocognitive therapeutics: from concept to application in the treatment of negative attention bias
Schnyer, D. M., Beevers, C. G., deBettencourt, M. T., Sherman, S. M., Cohen, J. D., Norman, K. A., & Turk‐Browne, N. B. (2015) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/s13587-015-0016-y · Cited by 41
Functional magnetic resonance imaging-mediated learning of increased activity in auditory areas
Yoo, S., Lee, J., O’Leary, H. M., Lee, V., Choo, S.-E., & Jolesz, F. A. (2007) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f202ac · Cited by 36
Maintenance of Voluntary Self-regulation Learned through Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback
Robineau, F., Meskaldji, D. E., Koush, Y., Rieger, S. W., Mermoud, C., Morgenthaler, S., Ville, D. V. D., Vuilleumier, P. O., & Scharnowski, F. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00131 · Cited by 35
Functional Alteration of the DMN by Learned Regulation of the PCC Using Real-Time fMRI
Zhang, G., Zhang, H., Li, X., Zhao, X., Yao, L., & Long, Z. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2012.2221480 · Cited by 34
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mehler, D. M. A., Sokunbi, M. O., Habes, I., Barawi, K., Subramanian, L., Range, M., Evans, J., Hood, K., Lührs, M., Keedwell, P., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0126-5 · Cited by 175
Kohl, S. H., Mehler, D. M. A., Lührs, M., Thibault, R. T., Konrad, K., & Sorger, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00594 · Cited by 171
fMRI neurofeedback in emotion regulation: A literature review
Linhartová, P., Látalová, A., Kóša, B., Kašpárek, T., Schmahl, C. G., & Paret, C. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.011 · Cited by 162
A systematic review of fMRI neurofeedback reporting and effects in clinical populations
Tursic, A., Eck, J., Lührs, M., Linden, D. E. J., & Goebel, R. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102496 · Cited by 70
Trambaiolli, L. R., Kohl, S. H., Linden, D. E. J., & Mehler, D. M. A. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.015 · Cited by 81
Metadata
- Authors
- Rance, M., Walsh, C., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Pittman, B., Qiu, M., Kichuk, S. A., Wasylink, S., Koller, W. N., Bloch, M., Gruner, P., Scheinost, D., Pittenger, C., & Hampson, M.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hampson, Michelle
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 181
- Pages
- 807-813
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6454268
- OpenAlex
- W2801541300
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 8.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01 MH079130, R01 MH095789, R01 MH100068)
- NIRSA Foundation (PCT/US2017/036532)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- neurofeedback, treatment persistence, crossover design
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Time Factors, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Prefrontal Cortex, Mind-Body Therapies, Neurofeedback, Functional Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
