The DOI matches its Crossref record; 197 of the 197 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Theta-Gamma Neural Code
Open accessAbstract
Theta and gamma frequency oscillations occur in the same brain regions and interact with each other, a process called cross-frequency coupling. Here, we review evidence for the following hypothesis: that the dual oscillations form a code for representing multiple items in an ordered way. This form of coding has been most clearly demonstrated in the hippocampus, where different spatial information is represented in different gamma subcycles of a theta cycle. Other experiments have tested the functional importance of oscillations and their coupling. These involve correlation of oscillatory properties with memory states, correlation with memory performance, and effects of disrupting oscillations on memory. Recent work suggests that this coding scheme coordinates communication between brain regions and is involved in sensory as well as memory processes.
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“It should be noted that waking EEG recordings found that theta and gamma oscillations can interact with each other (i.e., cross-frequency coupling) (Canolty et al., 2006; Cohen, 2008; Kramer et al., 2008; Penny et al., 2008; Young and Eggermont, 2009; Tort et al., 2010; Onslow et al., 2011; for a review see Lisman and Jensen, 2013).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Lisman and Jensen, 2013
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Amer, T., & Davachi, L. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/32egy · Cited by 3
Analog Cognition and Consciousness
Miller, E. K., Brincat, S. L., & Roy, J. E. (2026) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0711-26.2026 · Cited by 4
“Theta, for example, often couples with gamma (with multiple gamma cycles within a theta cycle) and is thought to organize gamma over larger spatial scales (Lisman and Jensen, 2013; Spyropoulos et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018; Ursino and Pirazzini, 2024; Aguilera et al., 2026).”
Abramov, D. M., Quintanilha, D. D. F., Lima, H. S., Costa, R. P., Kamil-Leite, C., Lazarev, V. V., & Tsallis, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-21156-6 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Lisman, J. E., & Jensen, O.
- Affiliations
- Brandeis University (US)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Lisman, John E.
- Jensen, Ole
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1002-1016
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3648857
- OpenAlex
- W1976804176
- Cited by
- 1,609
- References
- 197
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 123 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 114 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 25
- FWCI
- 7.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 384 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (453-09-002)
- National Institutes of Health (5R01MH086518)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1R01DA027807)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- theta oscillations, gamma oscillations, cross-frequency coupling, neural coding, hippocampus, spatial memory, memory states, memory performance, interregional communication, sensory processing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hippocampus, Humans, Memory, Neural Pathways, Theta Rhythm, Brain Waves
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