Cited by 1,609Neural dynamics and brain functionMemory and Neural MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

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The Theta-Gamma Neural Code

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Lisman, John E., Jensen, Ole·2013·Neuron

DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.03.007PMC PMC3648857

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Abstract

Theta and gamma frequency oscillations occur in the same brain regions and interact with each other, a process called cross-frequency coupling. Here, we review evidence for the following hypothesis: that the dual oscillations form a code for representing multiple items in an ordered way. This form of coding has been most clearly demonstrated in the hippocampus, where different spatial information is represented in different gamma subcycles of a theta cycle. Other experiments have tested the functional importance of oscillations and their coupling. These involve correlation of oscillatory properties with memory states, correlation with memory performance, and effects of disrupting oscillations on memory. Recent work suggests that this coding scheme coordinates communication between brain regions and is involved in sensory as well as memory processes.

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Authors: Lisman, J. E., & Jensen, O.
Affiliations: Brandeis University (US)
Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Corresponding author: Lisman, John E.
Jensen, Ole
ORCID: Lisman, John E.
Jensen, Ole
Venue: Neuron
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-03
Volume: 77
Issue: 6
Pages: 1002-1016
ISSN: 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.03.007
PMC: PMC3648857
OpenAlex: W1976804176
Cited by: 1,609
References: 197
Citations by year: 2026: 164 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 123 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 114 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 25
FWCI: 7.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 384 d)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Neuron (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (453-09-002)
National Institutes of Health (5R01MH086518)
National Institute of Mental Health (1R01DA027807)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: theta oscillations, gamma oscillations, cross-frequency coupling, neural coding, hippocampus, spatial memory, memory states, memory performance, interregional communication, sensory processing
MeSH terms: Animals, Hippocampus, Humans, Memory, Neural Pathways, Theta Rhythm, Brain Waves

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