The DOI matches its Crossref record; 148 of the 150 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Can noninvasive brain stimulation enhance cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders?
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive impairment is a core symptom of many neuropsychiatric diseases and a key contributor to the patient's quality of life. However, an effective therapeutic strategy has yet to be developed. Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, namely transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), are promising techniques that are under investigation for a variety of otherwise treatment-resistant neuropsychiatric diseases. Notably, these tools can induce alterations in neural networks subserving cognitive operations and thus may provide a means for cognitive restoration. The purpose of this article is to review the available evidence concerning cognitive enhancing properties of noninvasive brain stimulation in neuropsychiatry. We specifically focus on major depression, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), where cognitive dysfunction is a major symptom and some studies have been completed with promising results. We provide a critical assessment of the available research and suggestions to guide future efforts. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These stimulation techniques affect cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in use-dependent local and distant synaptic plasticity, i.e., GABA and glutamate-mediated long-term potentiation, which may lead to longer-term effects (Demirtas-Tatlidede et al., 2013).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Demirtas-Tatlidede et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, evidence for efficacy of these techniques in producing long-term improvements in cognition in clinical groups is currently promising but inconclusive (e.g., Demirtas-Tatlidede et al., 2013).”
From Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches (2015) · cites this paper as Demirtas-Tatlidede et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Indeed, individuals with inflammatory and metabolic comorbidities are at greater risks of mood disorders and cognitive dysfunction.13,14”
From Cognitive Impairment in Major Depressive Disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“This finding is in accordance with prior systematic reviews of DLPFC stimulation effects on cognition across psychiatric disorders which found no improvement in attention domains (including selective, sustained, and divided) and only found significant improvements in working memory137 and verbal memory138.”
From Paying attention to attention in depression (2019) · cites this paper as [138]
In the citing paper
“For example, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, namely transcranial magnetic stimulation [185] and transcranial direct current stimulation [186, 187], are promising techniques under investigation for both their antidepressant and cognitive-enhancing potential in MDD [188].”
From Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? (2016) · cites this paper as [188]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, our stimulation method did not follow the usual tDCS protocols for the treatment of clinical symptoms during daytime as reviewed by [48,49]: a) in comparison to most other studies, we applied DC only in one single stimulation session; b) the applied current strength in our study was significantly lower than in other studies (0.25 mA vs. 1e2 mA); and c) DC stimulation in our study was not”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x · Cited by 5,656
Rossi, S., Hallett, M., Rossini, P. M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2009) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016 · Cited by 5,367
NON-INVASIVE MAGNETIC STIMULATION OF HUMAN MOTOR CORTEX
Barker, A. T., Jalinous, R., & Freeston, I. L. (1985) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92413-4 · Cited by 4,466
Theta Burst Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex
Huang, Y.-Z., Edwards, M. J., Rounis, E., Bhatia, K. P., & Rothwell, J. C. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.033 · Cited by 4,158
What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.3.321 · Cited by 3,516
Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex.
Kujirai, T., Caramia, M. D., Rothwell, J. C., Day, B. L., Thompson, P. D., Ferbert, A., Wroe, S. J., Asselman, P., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1993) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019912 · Cited by 3,132
Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans
Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.10.1899 · Cited by 2,617
Wassermann, E. M. (1998) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section · doi:10.1016/s0168-5597(97)00096-8 · Cited by 2,337
Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia
Lewis, D. A., Hashimoto, T., & Volk, D. W. (2005) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1648 · Cited by 2,297
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Primer
Hallett, M. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.026 · Cited by 2,026
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 150 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–238 of 238
Németh, V. L. (2017) · SZTE Repository of Dissertations (University of Szeged) · doi:10.14232/phd.4149
Gedächtnisstörungen und andere kognitive Störungen bei der Schizophrenie
Karch, S., Falkai, P., & Hasan, A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36993-3_20
Myczkowski, M. L. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2018.tde-02082018-100807
Torres, D. H., & Oliver, A. L. (2021) · Archivos de Neurociencias · doi:10.31157/archneurosciencesmex.v26i01.214
Computer-based Approaches to Cognitive Enhancement
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.007
Cognition and Its Impairment in Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.003
Who Responds Best? Predictors and Moderators of Cognitive Enhancement
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.010
Individual and Group Approaches to Cognitive Enhancement
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.008
Research in Cognitive Enhancement
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.013
Neuroimaging and neurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Rubia, K. (2021) · ANALES RANM · doi:10.32440/ar.2021.138.02.rev02 · Cited by 1
Zhang, J., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1103851/v1
Approaches to Assessment and Monitoring Treatment Response
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.012
Choosing the Right Treatment for the Right Patient
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.011
Getting Ready for Cognitive Enhancement
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.006
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.005
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.014
Dame, T. W. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.001
(2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.015
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.002
(2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410513-3.00033-4
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.016
Silva, J. B. S., Franceschi, G. L. A., & de Carvalho, C. F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56980-7_14
Litwińczuk, M. C., Garg, S., Williams, S. R., Green, J., Lea‐Carnall, C., & Trujillo‐Barreto, N. J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618671
Saleh, A. Y., Saputra, D. A. Y., Valentina, R., & Susanto, T. D. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.160416.1 · Cited by 1
Integration of Cognitive Training and tDCS in Neuropsychiatric Disorders - A Scoping Review
Pathak, H., Shah, V., Sreeraj, V. S., & Venkatasubramanian, G. (2025) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-025-00312-2
Evaluation of computer game therapy for children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
Abasali, L., Kermanshahani, S., & Hamidi, H. R. (2025) · Technology and Disability · doi:10.1177/10554181251389404
Wen, Y.-H., Pan, W.-F., Sun, C., Cheng, Y., & Hung, K. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02162-1 · Cited by 1
Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat attention disorders (ADHD)
Crunelle, C. L., & Schellekens, A. F. A. (2025) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26602-7.00016-6
Ding, Y., He, C., Li, H., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116083
Sari, I., Karamürsel, S., & Demirtaş-Tatlıdede, A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2026.2654020
Cognitive Dysfunction and Suicide
Sunzeri, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14465-2_19
Shentu, J., Xie, Q., Yan, M., Wang, S., Sun, X., Zhang, C., Tian, P., Lv, X., Yang, B., Lu, W., et al. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.109235
Principle and Clinical Progress of tDCS in the Treatment of ADHD
黄, 雪. (2026) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2026.1683005
Achterberg, M. (2014) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Demirtas-Tatlidede, A., Vahabzadeh-Hagh, A. M., & Pascual-Leone, A.
- Venue
- Neuropharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 64
- Pages
- 566-578
- ISSN
- 0028-3908 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3725288
- OpenAlex
- W2146822580
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 20
- FWCI
- 2.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (RR025758)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Keywords
- non-invasive brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, cognitive enhancement, cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neural network modulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Combined Modality Therapy, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Nootropic Agents, Magnetic Field Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
