What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?
Abstract
Objective It has been well established that schizophrenic patients have neurocognitive deficits, but it is not known how these deficits influence the daily lives of patients. The goal of this review was to determine which, if any, neurocognitive deficits restrict the functioning of schizophrenic patients in the outside world. Method The author reviewed studies that have evaluated neurocognitive measures as predictors and correlates of functional outcome for schizophrenic patients. The review included 1) studies that have prospectively evaluated specific aspects of neurocognition and community (e.g., social and vocational) functioning (six studies), 2) all known studies of neurocognitive correlates of social problem solving (five studies), and 3) all known studies of neurocognitive correlates and predictors of psychosocial skill acquisition (six studies). Results Despite wide variation among studies in the selection of neurocognitive measures, some consistencies emerged. The most consistent finding was that verbal memory was associated with all types of functional outcome. Vigilance was related to social problem solving and skill acquisition. Card sorting predicted community functioning but not social problem solving. Negative symptoms were associated with social problem solving but not skill acquisition. Notably, psychotic symptoms were not significantly associated with outcome measures in any of the studies reviewed. Conclusions Verbal memory and vigilance appear to be neces…
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Hippocampus-dependent memory is inversely associated with cortisol levels in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.
“An earlier study reported that hippocampus-dependent memory is inversely associated with cortisol levels in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia [154] .”
From The traumagenic neurodevelopmental model of psychosis revisited (2014) · cites this paper as [154]
Antipsychotics fail to improve cognitive deficits, which are directly linked to poor real-world function.
“and fail to improve cognitive deficits, which are directly linked to poor real-world function 41 .”
From Developmental timing and critical windows for the treatment of psychiatric disorders (2016) · cites this paper as [41]
A link exists between the neurocognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia and ADHD and multiple areas of functional impairment.
“a link between the neurocognitive deficits associated with each disorder and multiple areas of functional impairment (Bowie et al., 2006; Green, 1996; Green et al., 2004; Green, Kern, Braff, & Mintz, 2000) provides a useful framework for discussing the potential benefits of combined neurocognitive + skill-based approaches.”
From Improving Outcomes for Youth with ADHD: A Conceptual Framework for Combined Neurocognitive and Skill-Based Treatment Approaches (2014) · cites this paper as Green, 1996
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The psychopathology, medical management and dental implications of schizophrenia
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The effects of physical exercise in schizophrenia and affective disorders.
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Schizophrenia and Older Adults: An Overview: Directions for Research and Policy
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The future of supported employment for people with severe mental illness
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- Authors
- Green, M. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Michael Foster Green
- ORCID
- Michael Foster Green
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1996-03-01
- Volume
- 153
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 321-330
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1616286551
- Cited by
- 3,516
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 130 · 2018: 112 · 2017: 137 · 2016: 130 · 2015: 145 · 2014: 146 · 2013: 169 · 2012: 202
- FWCI
- 14.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, neurocognitive impairment, functional outcome, community functioning, social functioning, vocational functioning, verbal memory, sustained attention, social problem solving, negative symptoms, card sorting
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Ambulatory Care, Follow-Up Studies, Hospitalization, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychological Tests, Quality of Life, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Social Adjustment, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
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