Public health impacts to date of the legalisation of medical and recreational cannabis use in the USA
Abstract
The legality of cannabis use has been changing in a number of jurisdictions around the world. In the U.S., it has been legalised for medicinal and/or recreational uses in 34 jurisdictions and counting. This study leverages the decades-long experience of legalisation in the U.S. to provide an overview of the associated changes in public attitudes, cannabis markets and adverse health effects. We found a broad-based warming of public attitudes toward legalisation, potentially influenced by the increasingly positive portrayal of cannabis in media and declines in cannabis risk perceptions. Potency of cannabis products increased significantly while prices fell sharply. Although adults were less responsive to price changes than adolescents, adults who use cannabis regularly were sensitive to prices, with an estimated 10% price reduction leading to about 2.5% increase in the rate of use. Overall, past-year cannabis use has increased in adults since 2002, and adults over 26 years old who resided in states with medicinal cannabis laws were more likely to have used cannabis in the past 30 days, to have used daily, and to have higher rates of cannabis use disorders than adults who resided in states without legalised medicinal cannabis. Traffic fatalities involving cannabis temporarily increased in some states post-legalisation, and there were more presentations to medical services related to chronic regular cannabis use. There is suggestive evidence that adverse health consequences have increased among people who use cannabis regularly since legalisation. More robust research is needed to determine whether these effects of legalisation are temporary or long-term.
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Similar increases in cannabis-related hospitalizations have also been observed in US states that have legalized cannabis.
“Similar increases have also been observed in US states that have legalized cannabis [43].”
From The implementation and public health impacts of cannabis legalization in Canada: a systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
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- Authors
- Chiu, V., Leung, J., Hall, W., Stjepanović, D., & Degenhardt, L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Chiu, Vivian
- Venue
- Neuropharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-08
- Volume
- 193
- Pages
- 108610
- ISSN
- 0028-3908 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3161846483
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- cannabis legalization, medical cannabis, recreational cannabis, cannabis potency, cannabis use prevalence, cannabis use disorder, traffic fatalities, chronic cannabis use, adolescent cannabis use, state cannabis policy
- MeSH terms
- Recreational Drug Use, Adolescent, Adult, Cannabis, Drug and Narcotic Control, Humans, Legislation, Drug, Public Health, Public Opinion, United States, Medical Marijuana
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