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Cited by 46Prenatal Substance Exposure EffectsCannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure: Pathways to adolescent and adult outcomes

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De Genna, Natacha M., Willford, Jennifer A., Richardson, Gale A.·2022·Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
DOI 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173358PMC PMC8911923
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Abstract

With the increased prevalence, potency, and acceptability of cannabis use during pregnancy, it is important to understand the developmental effects of prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE). This review discusses methodological considerations for studies of PCE, including the assessment of exposures, covariates, and outcomes, and reviews findings from prospective, longitudinal studies of PCE. There is some evidence for associations between PCE and restricted growth at birth, but not for long-term effects on growth. PCE appears to have subtle yet enduring effects on memory and achievement in children and adolescents. Despite differences in sample demographics and measurement, there are remarkably consistent effects of PCE on externalizing behaviors, such as delinquency and substance use, which persist into adulthood. Longitudinal analyses demonstrate the importance of early cannabis initiation for pathways between PCE and adult functioning, including substance use and abuse, memory deficits, and psychotic symptoms. Animal studies demonstrate direct effects on the development of the brain via activation of endogenous endocannabinoid systems. Cannabis-induced activation of the endocannabinoid system causes alterations in the release of neurotransmitters and the modulation of brain plasticity in neural pathways that underlie cognition, motivation, and behavior regulation. Future research should consider cannabis use before pregnancy, the timing and route of exposure, polysubstance exposures, and inter-generational effects.

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  • There is limited evidence that some problems from prenatal cannabis exposure may persist into adulthood, such as delinquency, substance use and abuse, memory deficits, and psychotic symptoms.

    “There is limited evidence that some problems may persist into adulthood, such as delinquency, substance use and abuse, memory deficits, and psychotic symptoms [64].”

    From Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [64]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
De Genna, N. M., Willford, J. A., & Richardson, G. A.
Affiliations
  • Slippery Rock University (US)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
Venue
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-03
Volume
214
Pages
173358
ISSN
0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173358
PMC
PMC8911923
OpenAlex
W4214701304
Cited by
46
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2
FWCI
2.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA003874, DA017786)
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA006666, AA014215, AA018116)
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD036890)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords
prenatal cannabis exposure, cannabis use during pregnancy, memory impairment, academic performance, externalizing problems, delinquency, adolescent substance use, psychotic symptoms, endocannabinoid system, brain development, neuroplasticity, intergenerational effects
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Analgesics, Cannabis, Child, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prospective Studies, Substance-Related Disorders, Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists, Endocannabinoids

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