Impaired gesture performance in schizophrenia: particular vulnerability of meaningless pantomimes
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients frequently present with subtle motor impairments, including higher order motor function such as hand gesture performance. Using cut off scores from a standardized gesture test, we previously reported gesture deficits in 40% of schizophrenia patients irrespective of the gesture content. However, these findings were based on normative data from an older control group. Hence, we now aimed at determining cut-off scores in an age and gender matched control group. Furthermore, we wanted to explore whether gesture categories are differentially affected in Schizophrenia. Gesture performance data of 30 schizophrenia patients and data from 30 matched controls were compared. Categories included meaningless, intransitive (communicative) and transitive (object related) hand gestures, which were either imitated or pantomimed, i.e. produced on verbal command. Cut-off scores of the age matched control group were higher than the previous cut-off scores in an older control group. An ANOVA tested effects of group, domain (imitation or pantomime), and semantic category (meaningless, transitive or intransitive), as well as their interaction. According to the new cut-off scores, 67% of the schizophrenia patients demonstrated gestural deficits. Patients performed worse in all gesture categories, however meaningless gestures on verbal command were particularly impaired (p = 0.008). This category correlated with poor frontal lobe function (p < 0.001). In conclusion, gestural deficits in schizophrenia are even more frequent than previously reported. Gesture categories that pose higher demands on planning and selection such as pantomime of meaningless gestures are predominantly affected and associated with the well-known frontal lobe dysfunction.
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Earlier behavioral work suggests that people with schizophrenia imitate others less accurately.
“Behavioral studies on imitation in schizophrenia suggest that patients are impaired at imitating others [7][8][9][10][11][12]”
From Enhanced Automatic Action Imitation and Intact Imitation-Inhibition in Schizophrenia (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
Across prior studies, patients have repeatedly made more imitation errors than healthy people for facial and manual actions and for facial expressions.
“This research has consistently shown that patients make more errors when asked to imitate facial and manual movements [8][9][10][25][26][27][28] and facial expressions 7,10,26,[29][30][31] compared to healthy individuals.”
From Enhanced Automatic Action Imitation and Intact Imitation-Inhibition in Schizophrenia (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
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INVESTIGATION OF APRAXIA IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND BIPOLAR DISORDER TYPE I
Ünal, İ. Ö., & Berkol, T. D. (2023) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2023.47 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pavlidou, A., Reiser, F., Maderthaner, L., von Känel, S., Chapellier, V., Malifatouratzis, A., & Walther, S. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf152 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationÜnal, İ. Ö. (2023) · Journal of Surgery and Medicine · doi:10.28982/josam.7967 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Speech-Gesture Matching and Schizotypal Traits: A Network Approach
Polner, B., Jamalabadi, H., van Kemenade, B. M., Billino, J., Kircher, T. T. J., & Straube, B. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae134 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Validation of the Apraxia Screen TULIA (AST) in Schizophrenia
Bachofner, H., Scherer, K. A., Vanbellingen, T., Bohlhalter, S., Stegmayer, K., & Walther, S. (2022) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000523778 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAberrant gesture use in autism spectrum disorders is unrelated to motor abnormalities
Pavlidou, A., Tolev, A., Reinhold, D., Steinberg, G., Müller, T., & Walther, S. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02093-x
Self-citation
- Authors
- Walther, S., Vanbellingen, T., Müri, R., Strik, W., & Bohlhalter, S.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of Bern (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Walther, Sebastian
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 2674-2678
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2091884023
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Swiss National Science foundation (320030_129668/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, pantomime, gesture imitation, motor impairment, frontal lobe dysfunction, cut-off values, motor planning
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Communication Disorders, Female, Gestures, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Male, Movement, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychomotor Performance, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Video Recording
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