Gesture imitation in schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
Recent evidence suggests that individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) are impaired in their ability to imitate gestures and movements generated by others. This impairment in imitation may be linked to difficulties in generating and maintaining internal representations in working memory (WM). We used a novel quantitative technique to investigate the relationship between WM and imitation ability. SZ outpatients and demographically matched healthy control (HC) participants imitated hand gestures. In Experiment 1, participants imitated single gestures. In Experiment 2, they imitated sequences of 2 gestures, either while viewing the gesture online or after a short delay that forced the use of WM. In Experiment 1, imitation errors were increased in SZ compared with HC. Experiment 2 revealed a significant interaction between imitation ability and WM. SZ produced more errors and required more time to imitate when that imitation depended upon WM compared with HC. Moreover, impaired imitation from WM was significantly correlated with the severity of negative symptoms but not with positive symptoms. In sum, gesture imitation was impaired in schizophrenia, especially when the production of an imitation depended upon WM and when an imitation entailed multiple actions. Such a deficit may have downstream consequences for new skill learning.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Across prior studies, patients have repeatedly made more imitation errors than healthy people for facial and manual actions and for facial expressions.
“This research has consistently shown that patients make more errors when asked to imitate facial and manual movements [8][9][10][25][26][27][28] and facial expressions 7,10,26,[29][30][31] compared to healthy individuals.”
From Enhanced Automatic Action Imitation and Intact Imitation-Inhibition in Schizophrenia (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Earlier behavioral work suggests that people with schizophrenia imitate others less accurately.
“Behavioral studies on imitation in schizophrenia suggest that patients are impaired at imitating others [7][8][9][10][11][12]”
From Enhanced Automatic Action Imitation and Intact Imitation-Inhibition in Schizophrenia (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory
Oldfield, R. C. (1971) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 · Cited by 35,900 · see citing works
Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230 · Cited by 7,433 · see citing works
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Dumont, R., Willis, J. O., Veizel, K., & Zibulsky, J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2519 · Cited by 5,547 · see citing works
Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions
Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V., & Fogassi, L. (1996) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0 · Cited by 4,870 · see citing works
Cattaneo, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (2009) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.41 · Cited by 3,137 · see citing works
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms
Andreasen, N. C. (1982) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t12696-000 · Cited by 1,878 · see citing works
Imitation, empathy, and mirror neurons
Iacoboni, M. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163604 · Cited by 1,606 · see citing works
Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia
(1994) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.6.4.348 · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Schizophrenics Show Spatial Working Memory Deficits
Park, S. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820120063009 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Self-citationA neuropsychological theory of motor skill learning.
Willingham, D. B. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.3.558 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Working Memory Impairments in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis.
Lee, J., & Park, S. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.599 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Self-citationImitation: Is cognitive neuroscience solving the correspondence problem?
Brass, M., & Heyes, C. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.007 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Imitation, memory, and the representation of persons
Meltzoff, A. N., & Keith Moore, M. (1994) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(94)90024-8 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms
Andreasen, N. C. (1986) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t48377-000 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Reafferent copies of imitated actions in the right superior temporal cortex
Iacoboni, M., Koski, L. M., Braß, M., Harold Bekkering, A., Woods, R. P., Dubeau, M.-C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.241474598 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
An Analysis of Social Competence in Schizophrenia
Bellack, A. S., Morrison, R. L., Wixted, J. T., & Mueser, K. T. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.156.6.809 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Negative Symptoms and Hypofrontality in Chronic Schizophrenia
Wolkin, A. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820120047007 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Spatial Working Memory Deficits in the Relatives of Schizophrenic Patients
Park, S. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950220031007 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Self-citationfMRI Adaptation Reveals Mirror Neurons in Human Inferior Parietal Cortex
Chong, T. T. ‐., Cunnington, R., Williams, M., Kanwisher, N., & Mattingley, J. B. (2008) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.068 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
The Neural Basis of Imitation is Body Part Specific
Goldenberg, G., & Karnath, H.-O. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0638-06.2006 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Association of working memory deficit and eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia
Park, S., & Holzman, P. S. (1993) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(93)90038-k · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationResponse Inhibition and Response Monitoring in a Saccadic Countermanding Task in Schizophrenia
Thakkar, K. N., Schall, J. D., Boucher, L., Logan, G. D., & Park, S. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.016 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationHemisphere asymmetries for imitation of novel gestures
Goldenberg, G., & Strauss, S. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.6.893 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Imitation, simulation, and schizophrenia
Park, S., Matthews, N., & Gibson, C. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn048 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationExner, C., Weniger, G., Schmidt‐Samoa, C., & Irle, E. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.013 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Sevlever, M., & Gillis, J. L. (2010) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.04.014 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Mirror neurons and the understanding of behavioural symptoms in psychiatric disorders
Buccino, G., & Amore, M. (2008) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3282fbcd32 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Imitation of facial expressions in schizophrenia
Schwartz, B. L., Mastropaolo, J., Rosse, R. B., Mathis, G., & Deutsch, S. I. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.12.007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Negative schizophrenic symptoms and the frontal lobe syndrome: one and the same?
Ziauddeen, H., Dibben, C., Kipps, C., Hodges, J. R., & McKenna, P. J. (2011) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-010-0133-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Reduced implicit and explicit sequence learning in first-episode schizophrenia
Pedersen, A., Siegmund, A., Ohrmann, P., Rist, F., Rothermundt, M., Suslow, T., & Arolt, V. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.021 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ham, H. S., Corley, M. M. B., Rajendran, G., et al. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0417-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Spatial serial order processing in schizophrenia
Fraser, D. A., Park, S., Clark, G., et al. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.019 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationPutnam, K. M., & Kring, A. M. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.09.010 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A Comparison of Imitation Strategies in Observational Learning of Action Patterns
Weeks, D. L., Hall, A. K., & Anderson, L. P. (1996) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.1996.10544604 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Age-related changes in imitating sequences of observed movements.
Maryott, J., & Sekuler, R. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0015266 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural Correlates of Sequence Encoding in Visuomotor Learning
Agam, Y., Jie, H. J., & Sekuler, R. (2010) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00662.2009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationA new way to quantify the fidelity of imitation: preliminary results with gesture sequences
Gold, B. J., Pomplun, M., Rice, N. J., et al. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1291-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationReproduction of Seen Actions: Stimulus-Selective Learning
Sekuler, R., Siddiqui, A., Goyal, N., & Rajan, R. (2003) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p5064 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [3]Moody E, MacIntosh D. Imitation in autism findings and controversies. In: Rogers S, Williams JH, editors. Imitation and the Social Mind. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2006. pp. 118–134. [Google Scholar]
- [28]American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. [Google Scholar]
- [29]First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) Arlington, VA: APPI; 1997. [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Social cognition in schizophrenia
Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn4005 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Thakkar, K. N., Peterman, J. S., & Park, S. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13040498 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
van der Weiden, A., Prikken, M., & van Haren, N. E. M. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.004 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Mehta, U. M., Thirthalli, J., Basavaraju, R., Gangadhar, B. N., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt155 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-reported empathy and neural activity during action imitation and observation in schizophrenia
Horan, W. P., Iacoboni, M., Cross, K. A., Korb, A., Lee, J., Nori, P., Quintana, J., Wynn, J. K., & Green, M. F. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.006 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Impaired gesture performance in schizophrenia: particular vulnerability of meaningless pantomimes
Walther, S., Vanbellingen, T., Müri, R., Strik, W., & Bohlhalter, S. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.08.017 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Involvement of the mirror neuron system in blunted affect in schizophrenia
Lee, J. S., Chun, J. W., Yoon, S. Y., Park, H.-J., & Kim, J.-J. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.043 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Some markers of mirroring appear intact in schizophrenia: evidence from mu suppression
Horan, W. P., Pineda, J. A., Wynn, J. K., Iacoboni, M., & Green, M. F. (2014) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0245-8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Enhanced Automatic Action Imitation and Intact Imitation-Inhibition in Schizophrenia
Simonsen, A., Fusaroli, R., Skewes, J. C., Roepstorff, A., Campbell-Meiklejohn, D., Mors, O., & Bliksted, V. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Motor actions across psychiatric disorders: a research domain criteria (RDoC) perspective
Osborne, K. J., Walther, S., & Mittal, V. A. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102511 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Matthews, N., Gold, B. J., Sekuler, R., & Park, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Brandeis University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Sohee
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-07-16
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 94-101
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC3523902
- OpenAlex
- W2139649649
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vanderbilt University
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH073028, MH073028)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD015052)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- gesture imitation, schizophrenia
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Gestures, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Learning, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Schizophrenia, Severity of Illness Index, Social Perception, Time Factors, Antipsychotic Agents, Mirror Neurons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
