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Cited by 75Obesity, Physical Activity, DietNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorNutritional Studies and Diet

Associations of meal frequency and breakfast with obesity and metabolic syndrome traits in adolescents of Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986

Jääskeläinen, A., Schwab, U., Kolehmainen, M., Pirkola, J., Järvelin, M.-R., Laitinen, J.·2013·Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
DOI 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.07.006
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Abstract

Background and aims Breakfast consumption and meal frequencies have been linked to the risk of obesity in youth but their associations with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in young populations are yet to be studied. We examined associations of three meal patterns on weekdays--five meals including breakfast, ≤four meals including breakfast and ≤four meals without breakfast--with overweight/obesity and MetS components in Finnish adolescents.Methods and results A population-based sample of 16-year-old boys and girls (n = 6247) from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 was used. Adolescents were clinically examined and dietary data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Overweight/obesity and MetS features were defined according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs and the International Diabetes Federation MetS paediatric criteria and their associations with meal patterns assessed using logistic regression, adjusted separately for early life factors (birth size, maternal health) and later childhood factors (health behaviours, weight status, parental education). After adjustment for early life factors, the adolescents who ate five meals/day were at lower risk for overweight/obesity (OR [95% CI] for boys: 0.47 [0.34, 0.65]; girls: 0.57 [0.41, 0.79]), abdominal obesity (OR [95% CI] for boys: 0.32 [0.22, 0.48]; girls: 0.54 [0.39, 0.75]) and hypertriglyceridaemia (boys only). Adjusting for later childhood factors, the five-meal-a-day pattern was associated with decreased odds of overweight/obesity (OR [95% CI] for boys: 0.41 [0.29, 0.58]; girls: 0.63 [0.45, 0.89]) and abdominal obesity in boys (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.16, 0.63).Conclusion Among 16-year-olds, the five-meal-a-day pattern was robustly associated with reduced risks of overweight/obesity in both genders and abdominal obesity in boys.

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Authors
Jääskeläinen, A., Schwab, U., Kolehmainen, M., Pirkola, J., Järvelin, M.-R., & Laitinen, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Eastern Finland (FI)
  • Oulu University Hospital (FI)
  • Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
  • Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
Corresponding author
Jääskeläinen, A.
ORCID
Venue
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-10
Volume
23
Issue
10
Pages
1002-1009
ISSN
0939-4753 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.numecd.2012.07.006
OpenAlex
W2097257683
Semantic Scholar
f021d64adde0c27f81b9ae428324c252b5f47f43
Cited by
75
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5
FWCI
4.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Academy of Finland (070014, 129269)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
meal frequency, breakfast consumption, adolescents, obesity, overweight, metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, dietary habits, Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Finland, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Obesity, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Hypertriglyceridemia, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Metabolic Syndrome, Meals, Breakfast

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