Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe
Abstract
Skipping breakfast is common among children and adolescents. However, there is uncertainty regarding whether breakfast consumption contributes to or protects against overweight or obesity. We aimed to review the evidence on the effects of breakfast consumption on body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched in January 2009. We identified 16 studies. All were cross-sectional or cohort trials involving more than 59,000 children/adolescents from Europe. Thirteen studies (n = 57,481) consistently showed that breakfast has a protective effect against becoming overweight or obese. One trial (n = 886) showed that this effect was significant only for boys. The effect of eating breakfast on the body mass index (BMI) was analyzed in 4 studies (n = 2897). All of these studies showed an increase in BMI in breakfast skippers. In one study (n = 1245), this effect was significant only for boys. The results of this analysis suggest that eating breakfast is associated with a reduced risk of becoming overweight or obese and a reduction in the BMI in children and adolescents in Europe. However, almost all of the data in this review were gathered from observational studies, thus, causality should not be assumed based on these findings.
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Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies link skipping breakfast and eating late at night with obesity.
“There is an association between breakfast skipping, late-night eating, and obesity as has been defined in cross-sectional (7,8) and longitudinal (9)(10)(11)(12)(13) studies.”
Most research in this area has focused on how different meal patterns make an impact on energy balance and weight status.
“Most of the research in this area, however, has focused on how different meal patterns (also referred to as eating patterns) make an impact on energy balance and weight status( 5 , 6 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
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Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children—Clinical Prevalence and Risk Factors
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Estado nutricional e hábitos alimentares de escolares de Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil
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- Authors
- Szajewska, H., & Ruszczyński, M.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-01-29
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 113-119
- ISSN
- 1040-8398 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-7852
- OpenAlex
- W2144180788
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- breakfast consumption, breakfast skipping, childhood obesity, adolescent obesity, overweight, body mass index, children and adolescents, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Body Weight, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Europe, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, MEDLINE, Overweight, Young Adult
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