Breakfast Skipping Is Associated with Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes among Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Open accessAbstract
Background Epidemiologic studies have indicated that breakfast skipping is associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the shape of the dose-response relation and the influence of adiposity on this association have not been reported. Objective We investigated the association between breakfast skipping and risk of type 2 diabetes by considering the influence of the body mass index (BMI). Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed and Web of Science were searched up to August 2017. Prospective cohort studies on breakfast skipping and risk of type 2 diabetes in adults were included. Summary RRs and 95% CIs, without and with adjustment for BMI, were estimated with the use of a random-effects model in pairwise and dose-response meta-analyses. Results In total 6 studies, based on 96,175 participants and 4935 cases, were included. The summary RR for type 2 diabetes comparing ever with never skipping breakfast was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.46, n = 6 studies) without adjustment for BMI, and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.34, n = 4 studies) after adjustment for BMI. Nonlinear dose-response meta-analysis indicated that risk of type 2 diabetes increased with every additional day of breakfast skipping, but the curve reached a plateau at 4-5 d/wk, showing an increased risk of 55% (summary RR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.41, 1.71). No further increase in risk of type 2 diabetes was observed after 5 d of breakfast skipping/wk (P for nonlinearity = 0.08). Conclusions This meta-analysis provides…
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A recent meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies reported that breakfast omission was associated with 55% greater risk of T2DM compared with breakfast consumption.
“A recent meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies reported that breakfast omission was associated with 55% greater risk of T2DM compared with breakfast consumption [277].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [277]
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- Authors
- Ballon, A., Neuenschwander, M., & Schlesinger, S.
- Affiliations
- Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schlesinger, Sabrina
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 149
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 106-113
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2900067196
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rovira & Virgili repository (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- German Federal Ministry of Health
- Ministry of Innovation, Science, Research and Technology
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- breakfast skipping, type 2 diabetes, body mass index, adiposity, dose-response relationship, dietary habits, diabetes risk, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Risk Factors, Breakfast
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