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Cited by 387Dietary Effects on HealthNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorNutritional Studies and Diet

Skipping breakfast: longitudinal associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study

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Smith, Kylie J, Gall, Seana L, McNaughton, Sarah A, Blizzard, Leigh, Dwyer, Terence, Venn, Alison J·2010·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2010.30101
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Abstract

Background The long-term effects of skipping breakfast on cardiometabolic health are not well understood.Objective The objective was to examine longitudinal associations of breakfast skipping in childhood and adulthood with cardiometabolic risk factors in adulthood.Design In 1985, a national sample of 9-15-y-old Australian children reported whether they usually ate breakfast before school. During follow-up in 2004-2006, 2184 participants (26-36 y of age) completed a meal-frequency chart for the previous day. Skipping breakfast was defined as not eating between 0600 and 0900. Participants were classified into 4 groups: skipped breakfast in neither childhood nor adulthood (n = 1359), skipped breakfast only in childhood (n = 224), skipped breakfast only in adulthood (n = 515), and skipped breakfast in both childhood and adulthood (n = 86). Diet quality was assessed, waist circumference was measured, and blood samples were taken after a 12-h fast (n = 1730). Differences in mean waist circumference and blood glucose, insulin, and lipid concentrations were calculated by linear regression.Results After adjustment for age, sex, and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, participants who skipped breakfast in both childhood and adulthood had a larger waist circumference (mean difference: 4.63 cm; 95% CI: 1.72, 7.53 cm) and higher fasting insulin (mean difference: 2.02 mU/L; 95% CI: 0.75, 3.29 mU/L), total cholesterol (mean difference: 0.40 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.68 mmol/L), and LDL cholesterol (mean difference: 0.40 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.64 mmol/L) concentrations than did those who ate breakfast at both time points. Additional adjustments for diet quality and waist circumference attenuated the associations with cardiometabolic variables, but the differences remained significant.Conclusions Skipping breakfast over a long period may have detrimental effects on cardiometabolic health. Promoting the benefits of eating breakfast could be a simple and important public health message.

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  • More frequent daily eating occasions have been associated with a higher diet quality and better appetite control.

    “More frequent daily eating occasions have been associated with a higher diet quality (4) and better appetite control (6) .”

    From Irregular eating of meals in adolescence and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood: results from a 27-year prospective cohort (2016) · cites this paper as [4]

  • Of the nine studies identified that examined associations between skipping breakfast and diet quality, six found a negative association and three found no association.

    “Of the nine studies identified that examined associations between skipping breakfast and diet quality, six found a negative association( 22 , 23 , 86 , 87 , 90 , 94 ) and three found no association( 28 , 91 , 93 ).”

    From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [22]

  • Breakfast skipping was consistently inversely associated with diet quality in six out of nine studies, despite the different definitions used (time-of-day and participant-identified), and in some cases no clear definition was provided.

    “Breakfast skipping was consistently inversely associated with diet quality in six out of nine studies, despite the different definitions used (time-of-day( 88 , 94 ) and participant identified( 22 , 23 , 28 , 86 , 90 )), and in some cases, no clear definition was provided( 87 , 93 ).”

    From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [22]

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Authors
Smith, K. J., Gall, S. L., McNaughton, S. A., Blizzard, L., Dwyer, T., & Venn, A. J.
Affiliations
University of Tasmania (AU)
ORCID
Venue
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2010-12
Volume
92
Issue
6
Pages
1316-1325
ISSN
0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3945/ajcn.2010.30101
OpenAlex
W2110604808
Cited by
387
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 21
FWCI
13.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UTAS Research Repository (acceptedVersion)
  • eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
  • Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
breakfast skipping, cardiometabolic risk factors, childhood diet, adult diet, waist circumference, fasting insulin, blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, diet quality, meal frequency
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Australia, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Child Behavior, Cholesterol, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Insulin, Life Style, Cholesterol, LDL, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Health Behavior, Metabolic Syndrome, Waist Circumference

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