The DOI matches its Crossref record; 155 of the 165 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: Do they exist?
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Second, previous authors have distinguished between two forms of delay associated with procrastination: a delay in making a decision and a delay in implementing an action61,62.”
From Temporal discounting predicts procrastination in the real world (2024) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“This notion is supported by Steel (2010), who has found inconclusive evidence for the division of procrastination into different subtypes (i.e., arousal, avoidant, and decisional procrastination).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Steel, 2010
In the citing paper
“Hence, Steel (2010) reviewed the psychometric properties of all of the available self-report measures of procrastination using factor analysis, suggesting a new outcome measure with improved correlations to key constructs presumed to be related to procrastination -namely, the Pure Procrastination Scale.”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Steel (2010)
In the citing paper
“Several outcome measures have been proposed and are often implemented when investigating the prevalence of procrastination among students and the adult population, most notably the General Procrastination Scale (Lay, 1986), the Adult Inventory of Procrastination (Steel, 2010), the Decisional Procrastination Questionnaire (Steel, 2010), the Procrastination Assessment Scale-Students (Solomon & Rothb”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Steel, 2010
In the citing paper
“Procrastinators are present-oriented and impulsive and tend to score low on tests measuring conscientiousness and planning, and high on susceptibility to temptation (Lay and Schouwenburg, 1993; van Eerde, 2003; Steel, 2010).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Steel, 2010
In the citing paper
“Procrastinators are present-oriented and impulsive and tend to score low on tests measuring conscientiousness and planning, and high on susceptibility to temptation (Lay and Schouwenburg, 1993; van Eerde, 2003; Steel, 2010).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Steel, 2010
In the citing paper
“Procrastinators are present-oriented and impulsive and tend to score low on tests measuring conscientiousness and planning, and high on susceptibility to temptation (Lay and Schouwenburg, 1993; van Eerde, 2003; Steel, 2010).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Steel, 2010
In the citing paper
“The PPS has high construct validity (Svartdal et al., 2016) and is validated for online use (Steel, 2010).”
From Group cognitive behavioral therapy for reducing procrastination in college students: a randomized controlled trial (2026) · cites this paper as Steel, 2010
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
The satisfaction with life scale
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 · Cited by 31,768
(2007) · Cited by 10,092
THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A META‐ANALYSIS
BARRICK, M. R., & MOUNT, M. K. (1991) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x · Cited by 8,689
Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics
Kahneman, D. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803322655392 · Cited by 5,377
Steel, P. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 · Cited by 3,417 · cited 5×
“Finally, procrastinators are particularly impulsive, especially when it comes to resisting temptations (Steel, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRefining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being.
Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.138 · Cited by 1,794
Self-citationAcademic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates.
Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503 · Cited by 1,788 · cited 1×
“Relevant studies employed five key procrastination scales and their revised versions, specifically: the AIP (15 items; McCown & Johnson, 1989), the GPS (20 items; Lay, 1986), and the DPQ (5 items; Mann, 1982) the PASS (12 items; Solomon & Rothblum, 1984), and the TPS (16 items; Tuckman, 1991).”
MethodRees, G. E. (1999) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027//0269-8803.13.3.199 · Cited by 1,220
At last, my research article on procrastination
Lay, C. H. (1986) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(86)90127-3 · Cited by 1,175
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- ∗Ajayi, 2008, Procrastination among the undergraduates in a Nigerian University: Implications for time management, International Business Management, 2, 126
- ∗Ferrari, 2006, Procrastination rates among non-clinical and clinical adults with ADHD: A pilot study, Counseling and Clinical Psychology Journal, 2, 2
- ∗Gauthier, 2002, Academic procrastination in graduate students: The role of the student and of the research director, European Review of Applied Psychology/Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee, 52, 25
- ∗Lay, 1991, Intentions and behavior in studying for an examination: The role of trait procrastination and its interaction with optimism, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 605
- ∗McCown, 1991, Trait procrastination in self-described adult children of excessive drinkers: An exploratory study, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 147
- ∗Sarmany, 1998, Category width cognitive style and decision making processes, Studia Psychologica, 40, 250
- ∗Schouwenburg, 1991, The diagnosis of procrastination in students, Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie en Haar Grensgebieden, 46, 379
- ∗Stainton, 2000, Trait procrastinators and behavior/trait-specific cognitions, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15, 297
- Bao, 2006, Related study on procrastination, Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation, 10, 129
- Gallagher, K. (2008). Acting in time on climate change. Paper presented at the acting in time on energy policy conference, Harvard University, Boston, MA.
- ∗Pullen, F. J. (2003). Perfectionism, procrastination, and other self-reported barriers to completing the doctoral dissertation. Unpublished Ph.D., The University of Iowa.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–510 of 510
Horton, C. J., Koscheka, C., Miller, A. M., & Murray, C. B. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16091531 · Cited by 1
Shen, Y., Yang, T., & Lee, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1886306
Mukherjee, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2026) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-026-10282-x
Cordes, C., Friedrichsen, J., & Schudy, S. (2026) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2025.05353 · Cited by 2
Suriano, R. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16101637
Talaba yoshlarda raqamli stressning akademik faoliyat va ruhiy salomatlikka taʼsiri
Khamidovna, M. I. (2026) · Pedagogy and Psychology in the Modern World · doi:10.70413/zdpp-v05-i14-s52502
ZAMONAVIY ILMIY TADQIQOTLARDA PROKRASTINATSIYA MUAMMOSI: SHAKLLANISH SABABLARI VA ASOSIY TURLARI
Raimdjanova, G. B. Q. (2026) · Buxoro xalqaro universiteti ilmiy axborotnomasi · doi:10.67780/buxoro-xalqaro-universiteti-ilmiy-axborotnomasi.2026.d29a6fb2
Çi̇çek, İ., Dilekçi, Ü., Aksoy, Ş., & Yıldırım, M. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16112005
Coșa, L. E., & Trifan, I.-M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1963771
Noto, L., Coco, L., Sagone, E., Buscemi, A., Corrado, D. D., & Coco, M. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16112020
Metadata
- Authors
- Steel, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Steel, Piers
- ORCID
- Steel, Piers
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 926-934
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049069746
- Cited by
- 514
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Keywords
- procrastination, decisional procrastination, Pure Procrastination Scale, scale development, subjective well-being
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
