The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 31 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Gratitude and forgiveness: convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings.
Open accessAbstract
Gratitude and forgiveness are theoretically linked character strengths that tend to be studied in isolation from other strengths. We examined gratitude and forgiveness in the same sample using self and confidant reports to better understand how strengths converge and diverge with personality factors, emotional vulnerabilities, and positive psychological processes. Data suggest that gratitude and forgiveness uniquely relate to personality factors, emotional vulnerabilities, and positive psychological processes with forgiveness evidencing stronger relations than gratitude. Forgiveness also appears to be more robust than gratitude due to the unique effects of forgiveness diminishing correlations between gratitude and other variables. Confidant data demonstrated that strengths were observable by others and related to observer perceptions of well-being. Results are discussed with an emphasis on the benefits of studying character strength profiles.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study examined gratitude and forgiveness together using self- and confidant reports to see how these character strengths converge and diverge with personality, emotional vulnerabilities, and positive psychological processes. Forgiveness showed stronger and more robust relations with most outcomes, while both strengths were observable by others and linked to confidant-rated well-being.
Key findings
- Character strengths were positively correlated with Agreeableness (rs = .32 to .58), Extraversion (rs = .17 to .22), and Conscientiousness (rs = .27 to .39), and negatively correlated with Neuroticism (rs = −.27 to −.59); Openness correlated only with Forgiveness of Self (r = .19).
- Strengths were negatively correlated with anger (rs = −.29 to −.61), loneliness (rs = −.28 to −.51), and depressive symptoms (rs = −.31 to −.53), and positively correlated with acceptance (rs = .25 to .58), self-compassion (rs = .35 to .68), and perspective taking (rs = .25 to .44).
- Forgiveness appeared more robust: controlling for forgiveness reduced gratitude–neuroticism from r = −.27, p < .001 to r = −.10, ns, and gratitude–anger from r = −.29, p < .001 to r = −.13, ns.
- Participant–confidant convergence was found for gratitude and forgiveness (rs = .20 to .30) and well-being (r = .47, p < .01); participant strengths also correlated with confidant-rated well-being (rs = .24 to .40).
Methods
- Participants were 140 undergraduate students (113 females, 27 males; mean age = 21.91 years, SD = 5.74) at a large public university.
- Participants completed a 60-minute web-based survey, then gave a confidant paper-and-pencil questionnaires; 137 of 140 packets (97.9%) were returned.
- Measures included the GQ-6, Heartland Forgiveness Scale, Big Five Inventory, BDI-II, Multidimensional Anger Inventory, UCLA-8, IRI, AAQ-2, SCS, and SWLS; confidants completed reworded GQ-6, HFS, BFI, and SWLS. Analyses used correlations, tests of dependent correlations, and partial correlations.
Limitations
- Stated by the paper: data were cross-sectional, mostly self-report, and comprised of university students; the authors also could not verify every aspect of methodology pertaining to safeguarding confidant data.
- Evident from the text: the correlational design cannot establish causal direction, and the sample was predominantly female and undergraduate, limiting generalizability.
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Claims the paper makes
23 Own result · 17 Not checked yet · 5 Own interpretation · 4 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confidant data demonstrated that strengths were observable by others and related to observer perceptions of well-being.”
- Also stated in: § Correlations between participant and informant ratings · plain
“Data supported our expectations for ratings of gratitude and forgiveness (rs = .20 to .30) and well-being (r = .47, p < .01).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Correlations between participant and informant ratings · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data suggest that gratitude and forgiveness uniquely relate to personality factors, emotional vulnerabilities, and positive psychological processes with forgiveness evidencing stronger relations than gratitude.”
- Also stated in: § Descriptive Statistics and Correlations Between Variables · hedged
“The range of correlation magnitudes suggest that strengths relate uniquely to Big 5, emotional vulnerabilities, and positive psychological processes.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Gratitude and forgiveness are distinct character strengths that uniquely relate to personality factors, emotion vulnerabilities, positive psychological processes, and well-being.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Descriptive Statistics and Correlations Between Variables · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confidant data demonstrated that strengths were observable by others and related to observer perceptions of well-being.”
- Also stated in: § Correlations between participant and informant ratings · plain
“Participant ratings of strengths also positively correlated with confidant ratings of participant well-being (rs = .24 to .40).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Correlations between participant and informant ratings · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data suggest that gratitude and forgiveness uniquely relate to personality factors, emotional vulnerabilities, and positive psychological processes with forgiveness evidencing stronger relations than gratitude.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Forgiveness evidenced stronger correlations with most outcomes compared to gratitude and these relations retained much of their magnitude after controlling for the effects of gratitude.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“depressive symptoms (rs = −.31 to −.53)”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Results > Character Strengths, Emotional Vulnerabilities, and Positive Psychological Processes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participant ratings of strengths also positively correlated with confidant ratings of participant well-being (rs = .24 to .40).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Results > Correlations between participant and informant ratings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“negatively correlated with Neuroticism (rs = −.27 to −.59)”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Results > Character Strengths and Big Five
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“self-compassion (rs = .35 to .68)”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Results > Character Strengths, Emotional Vulnerabilities, and Positive Psychological Processes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extraversion (rs = .17 to .22)”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Results > Character Strengths and Big Five
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results suggest that gratitude and forgiveness both influenced the other’s correlations.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Results > Partial Correlations Between Character Strengths and Variables
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data supported our expectations for ratings of gratitude and forgiveness (rs = .20 to .30) and well-being (r = .47, p < .01).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Results > Correlations between participant and informant ratings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results suggest that character strengths significantly differ in relation to Big Five, emotion vulnerabilities, and positive psychological processes.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Results > Comparing Correlates of Gratitude and Forgiveness
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the correlation between gratitude and neuroticism was significant, r = −.27, p < .001. However, after controlling for forgiveness, gratitude was unrelated to neuroticism, r = −.10, ns.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Results > Partial Correlations Between Character Strengths and Variables
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the correlation between gratitude and anger was significant, r = −.29, p < .001, until controlling for forgiveness, r = −.13, ns.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Results > Partial Correlations Between Character Strengths and Variables
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Forgiveness tends to be positively correlated with agreeableness and negatively correlated with neuroticism (Brose, Rye, Lutz-Zois, & Ross, 2005; McCullough & Hoyt, 2002).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brose, Rye, Lutz-Zois, & Ross, 2005
- Not checked yetcites McCullough & Hoyt, 2002
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gratitude and forgiveness are interpersonal strengths that produce well-being through a combination of reflection, positive emotions, and adaptive social behaviors and relationships that facilitate well-being (Frederickson, 2004; Watkins, 2004).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frederickson, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Watkins, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forgiveness also appears to be more robust than gratitude due to the unique effects of forgiveness diminishing correlations between gratitude and other variables.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Forgiveness also appears uniquely related to variables whereas much of the strength of relations between gratitude and some variables seems due to the co-occurrence of forgiveness.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gratitude and forgiveness require distinct attributions (Fincham, Paleari, & Regalia, 2002; McCullough, Emmons, & Tsang, 2002) but share a common, fundamental component of empathy (Farrow et al., 2001; Lazarus, 1991; Macaskill, Maltby, & Day, 2002; McCullough, Kilpatrick, Emmons, & Larson, 2001).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Empirical data suggests that gratitude and forgiveness are associated with pro-social behavior (Bartlett & DeSteno, 2006; McCullough, 2000), positive psychological outcomes such as optimistic appraisals of life, positive memory biases, and relationship satisfaction (Emmons & McCullough, 2003; Fincham, Paleari, & Regalia, 2002; Watkins, Grimm, & Kolts, 2004), physical health benefits (McCraty et al”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bartlett & DeSteno, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Emmons & McCullough, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Toussaint & Friedman, 2008
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More recent work redefining extraversion suggests that it too, may be correlated with gratitude and forgiveness (Ashton, Lee, & Paunonen, 2002; Lucas et al., 2000).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In general, empathic emotions tend to increase positive and decrease negative affect (Batson, 1990).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Batson, 1990 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compliance was exceptional: 137 of 140 (97.9%) packets were returned.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Method > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methods and procedure were approved by the university institutional review board.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Method > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forgiveness, in particular, demonstrated strong associations with both emotional vulnerabilities (negative relations) and positive psychological processes (positive relations) suggesting that it is a robust indicator of mental health outcomes.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forgiveness also appears uniquely related to variables whereas much of the strength of relations between gratitude and some variables seems due to the co-occurrence of forgiveness.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other studies suggest that trait vengefulness (or the tendency to be unforgiving) is associated with an increase in maladaptive, avoidance-based relationship behaviors (McCullough et al., 1998; McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McCullough et al., 1998 source
- Not checked yetcites McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Abandoning angry feelings also appears to be fundamental to forgiveness (Berry et al., 2005; Enright, 2001; McCullough, 2000).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Prior work with college students provides initial support in that people reporting low levels of trait forgiveness reported a greater tendency to engage in avoidance based coping strategies (Maltby, Macaskill, & Gillett, 2007).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Maltby, Macaskill, & Gillett, 2007
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data were cross-sectional, mostly self-report, and comprised of university students.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The GQ-6 demonstrated excellent reliability (αs < .90) in prior studies (McCullough, Emmons, & Tsang, 2002).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McCullough, Emmons, & Tsang, 2002
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Research with college students suggests that gratitude positively correlates with both cognitive (i.e., perspective taking) and affective (i.e., warm feelings) aspects of empathy (McCullough et al., 2002).”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McCullough et al., 2002
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we were unable to verify every aspect of our methodology pertaining to safeguarding confidant data.”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Most research tends to examine character strengths in isolation from other strengths.
“However, most research tends to examine strengths in isolation from other strengths.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No known study has examined self-compassion and gratitude.
“No known study has examined self-compassion and gratitude.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Importantly, these processes do not imply condoning abuse but rather reflect adaptive strategies for emotional healing (Breen et al., 2010).”
From From use to abuse: psychological, neurobiological, and spiritual pathways in relational harm and recovery (2026) · cites this paper as Breen et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“7 (6.5%) African-American”
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Method > Participants
Reported 6.5 · recomputed 5
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Participants were 140 undergraduate students enrolled in introductory psychology courses at a large, public university. The sample included 113 females (80.7%) and 27 males (19.3%) with ethnicity as follows: 67 (47.9%) Caucasian, 26 (18.6%) Asian/Asian-American, 14 (10.0%) Hispanic, 8 (5.7%) Middle Eastern, 7 (6.5%) African-American, and 15 (10.7%) “Other.””
§ Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings > Method > Participants
Reported 140 · recomputed 137
Citations
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UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure
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Metadata
- Authors
- Breen, W. E., Kashdan, T. B., Lenser, M. L., & Fincham, F. D.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kashdan, Todd B.
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 932-937
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2943233
- OpenAlex
- W2107604038
- Semantic Scholar
- e8dc5bf0ddc67f983c51fe6f5d6925c75917ea47
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH073937)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- gratitude, forgiveness, character strengths, personality factors, emotional vulnerability
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