Cross cultural evidence for the fundamental features of extraversion
Abstract
Psychologists have not determined the defining characteristics of extraversion. In four studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that extraversion facets are linked by reward sensitivity. According to this hypothesis, only facets that reflect reward sensitivity should load on a higher order extraversion factor. This model was tested against a model in which sociability links the facets. The authors also tested the generalizability of the model in a diverse sample of participants from 39 nations, and they tested the model using widely used extraversion scales. Results of all studies indicate that only facets that reflect reward sensitivity load on a higher order extraversion factor and that this factor correlates strongly with pleasant affect. Although sociability is undoubtedly an important part of extraversion, these results suggest that extraverts' sociability may be a by-product of reward sensitivity, rather than the core feature of the trait.
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From Gratitude and forgiveness: convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings. (2010) · cites this paper as Lucas et al., 2000
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- Authors
- Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., Grob, A., Suh, E. M., & Shao, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2000
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 452-468
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2116007196
- Cited by
- 713
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 23.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- extraversion, reward sensitivity, sociability, cross-cultural generalizability, personality traits, trait structure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Extraversion, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Reinforcement, Social, Social Behavior
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