The DOI matches its Crossref record; 79 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social networking site use and self-esteem: A meta-analytic review
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“a substantial body of evidence demonstrates that SNSs use is negatively associated with both global (Andreassen et al., 2017; Liu and Baumeister, 2016; Saiphoo et al., 2020) and physical self-esteem (Fardouly and Vartanian, 2016; Saiphoo et al., 2020).”
From The associations between social comparison on social media and young adults’ mental health (2025) · cites this paper as Saiphoo et al., 2020
Citations
Cites
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x · Cited by 9,939
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136319 · Cited by 7,791
Subjective well-being. The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index
Diener, E. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.34 · Cited by 7,121
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872
The antecedents of self-esteem
Coopersmith, S. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,649
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431 · Cited by 3,893
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Beres, 2012, Weird negative effects of social media on your brain
- Burke, V. (2013). The relationship between Facebook use, gender, emotional attachment, connection strategies, online vs. real world relationships, self-esteem, & loneliness(Unpublished bachelor thesis). Dublin Business School, Dublin, Ireland.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Social media and depression symptoms: a meta-analysis
Cunningham, S., Hudson, C. C., & Harkness, K. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00715-7 · Cited by 308
The relationship between Instagram use and indicators of mental health: a systematic review
Faelens, L., Hoorelbeke, K., Cambier, R., van Put, J., Van de Putte, E., De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100121 · Cited by 182
Sanders, T., Noetel, M., Parker, P., Del Pozo Cruz, B., Biddle, S., Ronto, R., Hulteen, R., Parker, R., Thomas, G., De Cocker, K., et al. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8 · Cited by 148
Cingel, D. P., Carter, M. C., & Krause, H.-V. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101304 · Cited by 174
Pandita, A., & Kiran, R. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15107923 · Cited by 176
Trust in Social Media: Enhancing Social Relationships
Hatamleh, I. H. M., Safori, A. O., Habes, M., Tahat, O. M., Ahmad, A. K., Abdallah, R. A.-Q., & Aissani, R. A. (2023) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci12070416 · Cited by 147
Marciano, L., Lin, J., Sato, T., Saboor, S., & Viswanath, K. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100331 · Cited by 80
Ahmed, O., Siddiqua, S. J. N., Alam, N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101485 · Cited by 82
Dynamics of adolescents’ smartphone use and well-being are positive but ephemeral
Marciano, L., Driver, C., Schulz, P. J., & Camerini, A.-L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05291-y · Cited by 78
A meta-analysis on the association between self-esteem and problematic smartphone use
Casale, S., Fioravanti, G., Benucci, S. B., Falone, A., Ricca, V., & Rotella, F. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107302 · Cited by 76
Musetti, A., Starčević, V., Boursier, V., Corsano, P., Billieux, J., & Schimmenti, A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23138 · Cited by 68
The contributions of social comparison to social network site addiction
Kim, H., Schlicht, R., Schardt, M., & Florack, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257795 · Cited by 80
The Social Media Use Scale: Development and Validation
Tuck, A. B., & Thompson, R. J. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231173080 · Cited by 71
Social Networking Site Use and Loneliness: A Meta-Analysis
Zhang, L., Li, C., Zhou, T., Li, Q., & Gu, C. (2022) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2022.2101420 · Cited by 64
Procrastination and problematic new media use: the mediating role of future anxiety
Przepiorka, A., Blachnio, A., & Cudo, A. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01773-w · Cited by 47
The effects of consumption on self-esteem
Consiglio, I., & van Osselaer, S. M. J. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101341 · Cited by 54
Relationships between Social Networking Sites Use and Self-Esteem: The Moderating Role of Gender
Ma, C. M. S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811462 · Cited by 45
Tandon, A., Laato, S., Islam, A. K. M. N., & Dhir, A. (2024) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-10-2022-0770 · Cited by 41
Tibber, M., Zhao, J., & Butler, S. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106371 · Cited by 33
Gentzler, A. L., Hughes, J. L., Johnston, M., & Alderson, J. E. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12243 · Cited by 34
Gori, A., & Topino, E. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13010152 · Cited by 37
Alsunni, A. A., & Latif, R. (2020) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.11.004 · Cited by 33
Fioravanti, G., Benucci, S. B., Vinciarelli, V., & Casale, S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04644-8 · Cited by 36
Smith, O. E., Mills, J. S., & Samson, L. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101715 · Cited by 30
Abu-Shanab, E. A., Al-Sharafi, M. A., & Al‐Emran, M. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2208990 · Cited by 31
Identity lost and found: Self-concept clarity in social network site contexts
Yang, Q. Y., van den Bos, K., Zhang, X., Adams, S., & Ybarra, O. (2021) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2021.1940270 · Cited by 28
Personal attacks decrease user activity in social networking platforms
Urbaniak, R., Ptaszynski, M. E., Tempska, P., Leliwa, G., Brochocki, M., & Wroczyński, M. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106972 · Cited by 27
Zhao, L. (2021) · Social science computer review · doi:10.1177/08944393211042545 · Cited by 23
Lyyra, N., Junttila, N., Gustafsson, J., Lahti, H., & Paakkari, L. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.976404 · Cited by 32
Rahardjo, W., & Mulyani, I. (2020) · Psikohumaniora Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.21580/pjpp.v5i1.4916 · Cited by 36
Xu, W., & Zheng, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1036128 · Cited by 24
Parental mediation and the use of social networks: A systematic review
Sevilla-Fernández, D., Díaz‐López, A., Caba‐Machado, V., Machimbarrena, J. M., Ortega-Barón, J., & González‐Cabrera, J. M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312011 · Cited by 32
Mitropoulou, E. M. (2024) · Journal of Social Media Research · doi:10.29329/jsomer.2 · Cited by 22
Positive Youth Development in the Digital Age: Expanding PYD to Include Digital Settings
Ross, K. M., & Tolan, P. H. (2021) · Springer series on child and family studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70262-5_35 · Cited by 21
The effects of social media restriction: Meta-analytic evidence from randomized controlled trials
Burnell, K., Meter, D. J., Andrade, F. C., Slocum, A., & George, M. J. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100459 · Cited by 30
Benucci, S. B., Tonini, B., Roffo, G., Casale, S., & Fioravanti, G. (2023) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-023-10059-2 · Cited by 22
Khoo, S. S., Yang, H., & Toh, W. X. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107972 · Cited by 22
Chen, C.-W., Nguyen, D. T. T., Chih, M.-C., & Chen, P.-Y. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108304 · Cited by 17
The associations between social comparison on social media and young adults’ mental health
Le Blanc-Brillon, J., Fortin, J.-S., Lafrance, L., & Hétu, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1597241 · Cited by 16
“Indeed, a substantial body of evidence demonstrates that SNSs use is negatively associated with both global (Andreassen et al., 2017; Liu and Baumeister, 2016; Saiphoo et al., 2020) and physical self-esteem (Fardouly and Vartanian, 2016; Saiphoo et al., 2020).”
Exploring the Relations of Subjective and Objective Instagram Use on Young Adults' Mental Health
Zhao, Y., Cingel, D. P., Xie, L., & Yu, M. (2022) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2022.101921 · Cited by 16
Santoro, G., Costanzo, A., Franceschini, C., Lenzo, V., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21030255 · Cited by 17
Imperato, C., Mancini, T., & Musetti, A. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00800-6 · Cited by 16
Fioravanti, G., Benucci, S. B., & Ghinassi, S. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100600 · Cited by 20
van der Wal, A., Beyens, I., Janssen, L. H. C., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08893-7 · Cited by 21
Yang, Q., & Feng, Y. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32463 · Cited by 20
Veneziani, G., Ciacchella, C., Onorati, P., & Lai, C. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108195 · Cited by 17
Youth Social Media Use and Well‐Being
Toma, C. L., Chen, Y. A., Olson, C., Fan, T., & Brown, B. B. (2020) · The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0210 · Cited by 14
Park, J., Hallman, J., Liu, X., & Hancock, J. T. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231191542 · Cited by 16
From surgery to Cyborgs: a thematic analysis of popular media commentary on Instagram filters
Miller, L. A., & McIntyre, J. (2022) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2022.2129414 · Cited by 18
Lim, A. J., Lau, C., & Li, N. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.734206 · Cited by 12
Zheng, Y., Zhao, D., Yang, X., Yao, L., & Zhou, Z. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05327-0 · Cited by 14
Nursing students’ self‐esteem levels and attitudes toward the nursing profession
Yeşilyurt, S., & Kendirkıran, G. (2024) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12986 · Cited by 11
Ruan, C., Lu, Z., Li, H., Lin, W., Li, D., & Yuan, J. C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283723 · Cited by 13
Bazine, N., Serra, J., Giunchi, M., & Peña-Jimenez, M. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108456 · Cited by 14
Impulsivity and problematic social network sites use: A meta-analysis
Benucci, S. B., Rega, V., Boursier, V., Casale, S., & Fioravanti, G. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.05.035 · Cited by 12
Social Commerce of Rural Communities
Sadaa, A. M., Ganesan, Y., Abbas, S., Majali, T., & Alsaedi, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6509-8_4 · Cited by 10
Yang, Y., Xu, J., Land, L. P. W., Yang, S., & Chesney, T. (2023) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-07-2022-0563 · Cited by 11
Luo, X. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231190326 · Cited by 14
Limniou, M., Duckett, H., & Mitchell, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1578510 · Cited by 15
Ceilutka, K. (2022) · Philosophy & Social Criticism · doi:10.1177/01914537211072883 · Cited by 11
The Contributions of Social Comparison to Social Network Site AddictionPreprint
Kim, H., Schlicht, R., Schardt, M., & Florack, A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/v3qmj · Cited by 8
Social Media Self-Effects on Adolescents’ Self-Esteem: A 100-Day Diary StudyPreprint
de Vaate, N. A. J. D. B., Valkenburg, P. M., Janssen, L. H. C., van der Wal, A., Keijsers, L., & Beyens, I. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qre85 · Cited by 11
Self-esteem level and smartphone use in Chinese adolescents: The role of self-esteem stability
Hong, W., Liu, R., Ding, Y., Wang, J., Jiang, R., & Jiang, S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01543-8 · Cited by 7
Xiong, M., & Xu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1048164 · Cited by 8
Mitra, B., Archer, D. E., Hurst, J., & Lycett, D. (2023) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01861-0 · Cited by 10
Effects of Reduced and Altered Use of Social Networking Sites— A Randomized Controlled Study
Wolgast, M., Lundberg, K., Palmqvist, E., & Wolgast, S. N. (2023) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.558 · Cited by 10
Wahyudi, I., Qalfin, M., Susanti, R., & Widiatningrum, T. (2022) · Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia · doi:10.31186/jspi.id.17.3.159-169 · Cited by 7
Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Hamilton, H. A., Mougharbel, F., & Chaput, J. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-023-00801-5 · Cited by 9
Martinez, A., Browne, L., & Knee, C. R. (2024) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2024-3-2 · Cited by 10
Metwally, D., Bakari, H., & Manzoor, A. (2025) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2025.2467513 · Cited by 7
May, W., Malouff, J. M., & Meynadier, J. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15110222 · Cited by 9
Relationship of Social Media and Body Image Dissatisfaction among University Students
Tufail, M. W., Saleem, M., & Fatima, S. Z. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.52461/pjap.v2i1.1041 · Cited by 6
Harnessing Machine Learning to Unveil Emotional Responses to Hateful Content on Social Media
Louati, A., Louati, H., Albanyan, A., Lahyani, R., Kariri, E., & Alabduljabbar, A. (2024) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers13050114 · Cited by 7
The development and validation of the extended active-passive social media use scale
Niu, X., Verduyn, P., Gaskin, J. E., Scherr, S., McDonnell, D., & Wang, J. (2025) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2025-3-1 · Cited by 8
Individual and well-being factors associated with social chatbot usage: A six-country study
Latikka, R., Bergdahl, J., Savolainen, I., Celuch, M., & Oksanen, A. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075251392956 · Cited by 5
Social media mirage-the two actual selves of an individual: Conceptualization and scale development
Sharma, R., Sharma, M., & Joshi, S. (2024) · Technological forecasting & social change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123502 · Cited by 2
Global self-esteem and coping with stress by Polish students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kupcewicz, E., Cybulska, A. M., Schneider-Matyka, D., Jastrzębski, P., Bentkowska, A., & Grochans, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1419771 · Cited by 5
Lee, S., Yim, M., & Hur, J. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107262 · Cited by 7
Park, K. G., Kim, J., & Kim, H. (2022) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2022.101798 · Cited by 5
Zhao, J., Zhou, Z., Lin, Z., Sun, B., Wu, X., & Fu, S. (2023) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20221122-02 · Cited by 5
Testing the role of extended thinking in predicting craving and problematic social network sites use
Benucci, S. B., Tonini, B., Casale, S., & Fioravanti, G. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108042 · Cited by 7
Badri, H. M., Aboalshamat, K. T., Abdouh, I. M., Quronfulah, B. S., Mahmoud, M. A., Rajeh, M. T., Badawoud, A. M., & Alzhrani, A. M. (2023) · International Journal of Academic Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijam.ijam_72_22 · Cited by 5
The Impact of TikTok on the Body Image and Self-Esteem of Portuguese Adolescent Boys
Órfão, M., & Dias, P. (2024) · Comunicar · doi:10.58262/v33279.4 · Cited by 5
Baltzidis, E. (2024) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.21071/pse.v16i3.16997 · Cited by 4
Tuna, M. F., Bayır, T., & Çam, S. (2025) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-025-00533-2 · Cited by 9
Si, E., Lee, G., Lee, I. H., & Lee, J.-Y. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10091561 · Cited by 4
Kagan, M., Ben‐Shalom, U., & Shamir, M. M. (2025) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393251315915 · Cited by 4
Guo, J., Liu, Y., Yang, X., Cao, M., Niu, G., & Zhou, Z. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107419 · Cited by 4
Álvarez, T. (2021) · Journal of Applied Data Sciences · doi:10.47738/jads.v2i3.36 · Cited by 4
Hui, B. P. H., Au, A. K. Y., Ng, J. C. K., & Song, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010100 · Cited by 3
#NoFilter: The impact of social media body dysmorphic disorder in adults
Ιωάννου, Μ., Tzani, C., Price, P., Walker, F., Williams, T. J. V., & Fumagalli, A. (2024) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.89 · Cited by 4
The Use of Social Networking Sites Influencing the Academic Performance of Students
Tiongson, G. (2024) · Journal of interdisciplinary perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2024.0552 · Cited by 3
Hossain, M. A., Akter, S., Ahsan, M. F., Ahmed, J. U., & Khan, M. S. H. (2023) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-023-10422-5 · Cited by 4
Nguyen, N., An, D., Ngo, T., Tran, H., & Trần, D. (2024) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-11-2023-0117 · Cited by 3
Sentiment Analysis of Local Tourism in Thailand from YouTube Comments Using BiLSTM
Khruahong, S., Surinta, O., & Lam, S. C. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20992-5_15 · Cited by 4
Price, M. J., Pink, A. E., Anagnostopoulou, V., Branford, L., Fleming, C., Jenkins, G., Jones, L., Lovesey, C., Mehta, A., & Gatzemeier, J. (2023) · Psychology of Popular Media · doi:10.1037/ppm0000493 · Cited by 6
You, S., & Kwon, M. (2024) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2024.2392530 · Cited by 3
van der Wal, A., Beyens, I., Janssen, L. H. C., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qe9rn · Cited by 10
Tibber, M., Wang, M., & Zhang, C. (2024) · International journal of human computer interactions · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2356358 · Cited by 2
Kun, B., Paksi, B., Eisinger, A., & Demetrovics, Z. (2024) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2024.00092 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Saiphoo, A. N., Dahoah Halevi, L., & Vahedi, Z.
- Affiliations
- Toronto Metropolitan University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Saiphoo, Alyssa N.
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 153
- Pages
- 109639
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2982386365
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 22.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Keywords
- social networking sites, self-esteem, social media addiction, social media use
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review