Nicotine exposure during adolescence enhances behavioral sensitivity to nicotine during adulthood in Wistar rats

“It has been suggested that behavioral sensitization represents a neuroadaptive process that also underlies motivational sensitization as a core process in drug addiction (Robinson and Berridge 1993; Vanderschuren and Kalivas 1993).”

“…that plays a key role in the rewarding and motor effects of nicotine undergoes changes during the critical adolescent maturational period (Spear 2000, Chambers et al. 2003), and these changes may make the adolescent brain differentially susceptible to the long-lasting effects of nicotine.”

“…that plays a key role in the rewarding and motor effects of nicotine undergoes changes during the critical adolescent maturational period (Spear 2000, Chambers et al. 2003), and these changes may make the adolescent brain differentially susceptible to the long-lasting effects of nicotine.”

“The initiation of tobacco use during adolescence is of great concern, because it can result in long-term consequences including an increased risk of progression to use of other illegal drugs (Kandel et al. 1992), and a decreased probability of smoking cessation (Chen and Millar 1998).”

“Behaviorally, adolescence also includes the emergence of profound novelty- and sensation-seeking, which, in both humans and laboratory animals, has been associated with drug use (Martin et al. 2002; Cain et al. 2005).”

“Given that the mesolimbic dopamine system has been shown to underlie the locomotor stimulant action of nicotine (Clarke et al. 1988), and that dopamine neurons within the mesolimbic system are more sensitive to nicotine-induced long term potentiation during adolescence than adulthood (Placzek et…”

“Nicotine-induced place preference conditioning occurs in adolescent rats but not adult rats (Vastola et al. 2002; Belluzzi et al. 2004).”

“In laboratory animals, repeated administration of nicotine results in behavioral sensitization (Domino 2001; Adriani et al. 2003; Berg and Chambers 2008).”

“Adolescents have shown differential responses to nicotine when compared with adults in studies of behaviors such as conditioned place preference (Vastola et al. 2002; Beluzzi et al. 2004; Shram and Le 2010), locomotor activity (Faraday et al. 2003; Adriani et al. 2006), as well as in…”

“Previously reported findings that nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) levels are upregulated in the midbrain of adult rats following adolescent treatment with nicotine may underlie the observations in the current study (Trauth et al. 1999; Abreu-Villaca et al. 2003; Adriani et al. 2003).”

“Neuronal nAChRs have recently been directly linked to mediation of nicotine-stimulated locomotor activity (Gotti et al. 2010).”

“Adolescent rats have been shown to intravenously self-administer more infusions of nicotine than their adult counterparts over a 4-week self-administration paradigm (Levin et al. 2003).”

“Rearing, or standing upright on the back legs, is considered to be an exploratory behavior (Crusio 2001) and an indication of general CNS excitability (Lat 1963).”

“Additionally, nicotinic receptor binding across many brain regions is greater in adolescent rats than their adult counterparts (Doura et al. 2008).”

“Behaviorally, adolescence also includes the emergence of profound novelty- and sensation-seeking, which, in both humans and laboratory animals, has been associated with drug use (Martin et al. 2002; Cain et al. 2005).”

“In laboratory animals, repeated administration of nicotine results in behavioral sensitization (Domino 2001; Adriani et al. 2003; Berg and Chambers 2008).”

“The findings reported here extend previous work showing that nicotine exposure during adolescence yields persistent changes in the neurobiological substrates underlying nicotine-induced locomotor activity (Faraday et al. 2003, Adriani et al. 2006), and add a number of important elements.”

“Faraday et al. (2003) demonstrated that nicotine’s activity-increasing effects in adulthood were greater in rats with prior nicotine exposure during adolescence, compared to adulthood prior exposure.”

“Age-dependent behavioral cross-sensitization has also been reported; adolescent rats chronically treated with nicotine showed an increased locomotor response to amphetamine administration compared to naïve animals, whereas adult rats did not (Collins et al. 2004).”

“…that dopamine neurons within the mesolimbic system are more sensitive to nicotine-induced long term potentiation during adolescence than adulthood (Placzek et al. 2009), the current study provides additional support for the idea that adolescent nicotine exposure produces persistent…”

“While another recent study concluded that nicotine exposure resulted in less nAChR upregulation in adolescents than adults (Doura et al. 2008), a different group reported increased functionality of existing nAChRs following adolescent nicotine treatment (Kota et al. 2009).”

“Previously reported findings that nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) levels are upregulated in the midbrain of adult rats following adolescent treatment with nicotine may underlie the observations in the current study (Trauth et al. 1999; Abreu-Villaca et al. 2003; Adriani et al. 2003).”

“…to nicotine when compared with adults in studies of behaviors such as conditioned place preference (Vastola et al. 2002; Beluzzi et al. 2004; Shram and Le 2010), locomotor activity (Faraday et al. 2003; Adriani et al. 2006), as well as in neurobiological studies assessing neuronal structure…”

“It has also been postulated to reflect emotional components of behavior, such as anxiety (Gironi Carnevale et al. 1990).”

“However, the neurobiological underpinnings of these behavioral different measures may be distinct (Ksir 1994; Conti et al. 1997).”

“In laboratory animals, repeated administration of nicotine results in behavioral sensitization (Domino 2001; Adriani et al. 2003; Berg and Chambers 2008).”

“…place preference (Vastola et al. 2002; Beluzzi et al. 2004; Shram and Le 2010), locomotor activity (Faraday et al. 2003; Adriani et al. 2006), as well as in neurobiological studies assessing neuronal structure (McDonald et al. 2007) and nicotinic cholinergic activity (Slotkin et al. 2008).”

“…place preference (Vastola et al. 2002; Beluzzi et al. 2004; Shram and Le 2010), locomotor activity (Faraday et al. 2003; Adriani et al. 2006), as well as in neurobiological studies assessing neuronal structure (McDonald et al. 2007) and nicotinic cholinergic activity (Slotkin et al. 2008).”

“However, the neurobiological underpinnings of these behavioral different measures may be distinct (Ksir 1994; Conti et al. 1997).”

“Adolescent nicotine injections also amplify nicotine sensitization tested in adulthood (Bracken et al. 2011).”

“that initial exposure to nicotine at doses comparable to that utilized here does not typically cause an increase in locomotion relative to saline exposure [42,70,71].”

“This dose administered chronically during adolescence has previously been shown to be rewarding during adolescence (Brielmaier et al. 2007, 2008), alter behavioral responses measured in adulthood (Bracken et al. 2011), and produce dendritic remodeling (Bergstrom et al. 2010).”

“In contrast, other studies reported that male rats exposed to nicotine during adolescence are more sensitive to the locomotor sensitization effects of nicotine in adulthood (Bracken et al., 2011; Faraday et al., 2003).”

“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript behavioral outcomes (Bracken et al., 2011; Counotte et al., 2012; Rinker et al., 2011; Weaver et al., 2012).”

“This explains why, in some circumstances, normal function an be maintained even after extreme damage early in life (Lorber, 981; Priestley and Lorber, 1981).”

“Recent studies have shown long-term tolerance to the initial hypoactive effects of nicotine following chronic adolescent nicotine exposure in Wistar rats (Bracken et al., 2011).”

“…rates of adolescent NTP use (Johnston et al., 2023; Miech et al., 2024) and the detrimental effects on both cognitive and emotional processes (Bracken et al., 2011; Leslie, 2020; Smith et al., 2015), there is a need to further understand the neurobiological impacts of NTP use across…”

“…has been shown that adult rats exposed to nicotine injections during adolescence display a heightened nicotine-induced locomotor stimulant effect (Bracken et al. 2011) and an increase in cue-induced nicotine seeking and self-administration (Adriani et al. 2003; Markou et al. 2019; Renda et al.…”