CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 144Blood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesCardiovascular Health and Disease PreventionNon-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring

Evidence and Perspectives on the 24-hour Management of Hypertension: Hemodynamic Biomarker-Initiated ‘Anticipation Medicine’ for Zero Cardiovascular Event

Open access
Kario, Kazuomi·2016·Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
DOI 10.1016/j.pcad.2016.04.001
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

There are notable differences between Asians and Westerners regarding hypertension (HTN) and the relationship between HTN and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Asians show greater morning surges in blood pressure (BP) and a steeper slope illustrating the link between higher BP and the risk of CVD events. It is thus particularly important for Asian hypertensives to achieve 24-h BP control, including morning and night-time control. There are three components of 'perfect 24-h BP control:' the 24-h BP level, nocturnal BP dipping, and BP variability (BPV), such as the morning BP surge that can be assessed by ambulatory BP monitoring. The morning BP-guided approach using home BP monitoring (HBPM) is the first step toward perfect 24-h BP control, followed by the control of nocturnal HTN. We have been developing new HBPM devices that can measure nocturnal BP. BPV includes different time-phase variability from the shortest beat-by-beat, positional, diurnal, day-by-day, visit-to-visit, seasonal, and yearly changes. The synergistic resonance of each type of BPV would produce a great dynamic BP surge (resonance hypothesis), which triggers a CVD event, especially in the high-risk patients with systemic hemodynamic atherothrombotic syndrome (SHATS). In the future, the innovative management of HTN based on the simultaneous assessment of the resonance of all of the BPV phenotypes using a beat by beat wearable 'surge' BP monitoring device (WSP) and an information and communication technology (ICT)-based data analysis system will produce a paradigm shift from 'dots' BP management to 'seamless' ultimate individualized 'anticipation medication' for reaching a zero CVD event rate.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.pcad.2016.04.001

Cites

13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 87

  1. Kario K. Proposal of a new strategy for ambulatory blood pressure profile-based management of resistant hypertension in the era of renal denervation. Hypertens Res. 2013;36:478-484.
  2. Park JB, Kario K, Wang JG. Systolic hypertension: An increasing clinical challenge in Asia. Hypertens Res. 2015;38:227-236.
  3. Ueshima H, Sekikawa A, Miura K, et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in Asia: A selected review. Circulation. 2008;118:2702-2709.
  4. Kario K, Saito I, Kushiro T, et al. Home blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes in patients during antihypertensive therapy: Primary results of HONEST, a large-scale prospective, real-world observational study. Hypertension. 2014;64:989-996.
  5. Katsuya T, Ishikawa K, Sugimoto K, Rakugi H, Ogihara T. Salt sensitivity of Japanese from the viewpoint of gene polymorphism. Hypertens Res. 2003;26:521-525.
  6. Ishikawa Y, Ishikawa J, Ishikawa S, et al. Prevalence and determinants of prehypertension in a Japanese general population: The Jichi Medical School Cohort study. Hypertens Res. 2008;31:1323-1330.
  7. Ishikawa Y, Ishikawa J, Ishikawa S, et al. Prehypertension and the risk for cardiovascular disease in the Japanese general population: The Jichi Medical School Cohort study. J Hypertens. 2010;28:1630-1637.
  8. Hoshide S, Kario K, de la Sierra A, et al. Ethnic differences in the degree of morning blood pressure surge and in its determinants between Japanese and European hypertensive subjects: Data from the ARTEMIS study. Hypertension. 2015;66:750-756.
  9. Kario K. Benefits of strict blood-pressure lowering in hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2016;13:125-126.
  10. Bangalore S, Kumar S, Lobach I, Messerli FH. Blood pressure targets in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus/impaired fasting glucose: Observations from traditional and bayesian random-effects meta-analyses of randomized trials. Circulation. 2011;123:2799-2810.
  11. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2013;31: 1281-1357.
  12. SPRINT Research Group, Wright Jr JT, Williamson JD, et al. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2103-2116.
  13. ACCORD Study Group, Cushman WC, Evans GW, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575-1585.
  14. Benavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwit R, et al. Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: The SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;382:507-515.
  15. Kario K. Essential Manual of 24-hour Blood Pressure Management from Morning to Nocturnal Hypertension. London, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2015:1-138.
  16. Pickering TG, Shimbo D, Haas D. Ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2368-2374.
  17. O'Brien E, Parati G, Stergiou G, et al. European society of hypertension working group on blood pressure monitoring. European society of hypertension position paper on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens. 2013;31: 1731-1768.
  18. Kario K, Shimada K, Schwartz JE, Matsuo T, Hoshide S, Pickering TG. Silent and clinically overt stroke in older Japanese subjects with white-coat and sustained hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:238-245.
  19. Verdecchia P, Reboldi GP, Angeli F, et al. Short-and long-term incidence of stroke in white-coat hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;45:203-208.
  20. Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, et al. Prognosis of "masked" hypertension and "white-coat" hypertension detected by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 10-year follow-up from the Ohasama study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46: 508-515.
  21. Myers MG, Kaczorowski J, Paterson JM, Dolovich L, Tu K. Thresholds for diagnosing hypertension based on automated office blood pressure measurements and cardiovascular risk. Hypertension. 2015;66:489-495.
  22. Parati G, Stergiou GS, Asmar R, et al. ESH working group on blood pressure monitoring. European society of hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: A summary report of the Second International Consensus Conference on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring. J Hypertens. 2008;26: 1505-1526.
  23. Kario K, Saito I, Kushiro T, et al. Morning home blood pressure is a strong predictor of coronary artery disease: The HONEST study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1519-1527.
  24. Kario K. Clinician's Manual on Early Morning Risk Management in Hypertension. London, UK: Science Press. 2004:1-68.
  25. Kario K, Ishikawa J, Pickering TG, et al. Morning hypertension: The strongest independent risk factor for stroke in elderly hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res. 2006;29:581-587.
  26. Kario K, Matsui Y, Shibasaki S, et al. An alpha-adrenergic blocker titrated by self-measured blood pressure recordings lowered blood pressure and microalbuminuria in patients with morning hypertension: The Japan Morning Surge-1 study. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1257-1265.
  27. Kario K, Bhatt DL, Brar S, Cohen SA, Fahy M, Bakris GL. Effect of catheter-based renal denervation on morning and nocturnal blood pressure. Insights from SYMPLICITY HTN-3 and SYMPLICITY HTN-Japan. Hypertension. 2015;66:1130-1137.
  28. Kario K. Morning surge in blood pressure and cardiovascular risk: Evidence and perspectives. Hypertension. 2010;56: 765-773.
  29. Li Y, Thijs L, Hansen TW, et al. International database on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in relation to cardiovascular outcomes investigators. Prognostic value of the morning blood pressure surge in 5645 subjects from 8 populations. Hypertension. 2010;55:1040-1048.
  30. Kario K. Prognosis in relation to blood pressure variability: Pro side of the argument. Hypertension. 2015;65:1163-1169.
  31. Boggia J, Li Y, Thijs L, et al. International database on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in relation to cardiovascular outcomes (IDACO) investigators. Prognostic accuracy of day versus night ambulatory blood pressure: a cohort study. Lancet. 2007;370:1219-1229.
  32. Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Eguchi K, Ojima T, Shimada K, Kario K. Masked nocturnal hypertension and target organ damage in hypertensives with well-controlled self-measured home blood pressure. Hypertens Res. 2007;30:143-149.
  33. Komori T, Eguchi K, Tomizawa H, et al. Factors associated with incident ischemic stroke in hospitalized heart failure patients: A pilot study. Hypertens Res. 2008;31:289-294.
  34. Li Y, Staessen JA, Lu L, Li LH, Wang GL, Wang JG. Is isolated nocturnal hypertension a novel clinical entity? Findings from a Chinese population study. Hypertension. 2007;50: 333-339.
  35. Matsui Y, Eguchi K, O'Rourke MF, et al. Differential effects between a calcium channel blocker and a diuretic when used in combination with angiotensin II receptor blocker on central aortic pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2009;54:716-723.
  36. Eguchi K, Hoshide S, Kabutoya T, Shimada K, Kario K. Is very low dose hydrochlorothiazide combined with candesartan effective in uncontrolled hypertensive patients? Blood Press Monit. 2010;15:308-311.
  37. Kario K, Kuwabara M, Hoshide S, Nagai M, Shimpo M. Effects of nighttime single-dose administration of vasodilating vs. sympatholytic antihypertensive agents on sleep blood pressure in hypertensive patients with sleep apnea syndrome. J Clin Hypertens. 2014;16:459-466.
  38. Kario K, Pickering TG, Matsuo T, Hoshide S, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. Stroke prognosis and abnormal nocturnal blood pressure falls in older hypertensives. Hypertension. 2001;38: 852-857.
  39. Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, Imiya M, Matsuo M, Shimada K. Nocturnal fall of blood pressure and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly hypertensive patients. Advanced silent cerebrovascular damage in extreme dippers. Hypertension. 1996;27:130-135.
  40. Hoshide S, Kario K, Hoshide Y, et al. Associations between nondipping of nocturnal blood pressure decrease and cardiovascular target organ damage in strictly selected community-dwelling normotensives. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16:434-438.
  41. Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, et al. Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: The Ohasama study. J Hypertens. 2002;20:2183-2189.
  42. Kario K, Schwartz JE, Davidson KW, Pickering TG. Gender differences in associations of diurnal blood pressure variation, awake physical activity and sleep quality with negative affect: The Work Site Blood Pressure study. Hypertension. 2001;38:997-1002.
  43. Viera AJ, Lin FC, Hinderliter AL, et al. Nighttime blood pressure dipping in young adults and coronary artery calcium 10-15 years later: The coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Hypertension. 2012;59:1157-1163.
  44. Komori T, Eguchi K, Saito T, Nishimura Y, Hoshide S, Kario K. Riser blood pressure pattern is associated with mild cognitive impairment in heart failure patients. Am J Hypertens. 2016;29:194-201.
  45. Komori T, Eguchi K, Saito T, Hoshide S, Kario K. Riser pattern, another determinant of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Clin Hypertens. 2016. [in press].
  46. Salles GF, Reboldi G, Fagard RH, et al. The ABC-H investiga- tors. Prognostic effect of the nocturnal blood pressure fall in hypertensive patients; the ambulatory blood pressure collaboration in patients with hypertension (ABC-H) meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2016;67:693-700.
  47. Palatini P, Reboldi G, Beilin LJ, et al. Added predictive value of night-time blood pressure variability for cardiovascular events and mortality: The Ambulatory Blood Pressure-International study. Hypertension. 2014;64:487-493.
  48. Kabutoya T, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Eguchi K, Shimada K, Kario K. The effect of pulse rate and blood pressure dipping status on the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in Japanese hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23: 749-755.
  49. Ruilope LM, Dukat A, Böhm M, Lacourcière Y, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP. Blood-pressure reduction with LCZ696, a novel dual-acting inhibitor of the angiotensin II receptor and neprilysin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active comparator study. Lancet. 2010;375:1255-1266.
  50. Kario K, Sun N, Chiang FT, et al. Efficacy and safety of LCZ696, a first-in-class angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, in Asian patients with hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hypertension. 2014;63:698-705.
  51. Bavishi C, Messerli FH, Kadosh B, Ruilope LM, Kario K. Role of neprilysin inhibitor combinations in hypertension: Insights from hypertension and heart failure trials. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1967-1973.
  52. Imaizumi Y, Eguchi K, Murakami T, Arakawa K, Tsuchihashi T, Kario K. High salt intake is independently associated with hypertensive target organ damage. J Clin Hypertens. 2016;18: 315-321.
  53. Nakano M, Eguchi K, Sato T, Onoguchi A, Hoshide S, Kario K. Effect of intensive salt-restriction education on clinic, home, and ambulatory blood pressure levels in treated hypertensive patients during a 3-month education period. J Clin Hypertens. 2016. [in press].
  54. Hoshide S, Kario K, Yano Y, et al. Association of morning and evening blood pressure at home with asymptomatic organ damage in the J-HOP study. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27:939-947.
  55. Wang JG, Kario K, Lau T, et al. Asian Pacific Heart Association. Use of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in the management of hypertension in Eastern Asians: A scientific statement from the Asian Pacific Heart Association. Hypertens Res. 2011;34:423-430.
  56. Eguchi K, Kario K, Hoshide Y, et al. Comparison of valsartan and amlodipine on ambulatory and morning blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:112-117.
  57. Kario K, Hoshide S. Age-related difference in the sleep pressure-lowering effect between an angiotensin II receptor blocker and a calcium channel blocker in Asian hypertensives: The ACS1 study. Hypertension. 2015;65:729-735.
  58. Kario K, Hoshide S. Age-and sex-related differences in efficacy with an angiotensin II receptor blocker and a calcium channel blocker in Asian hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens. 2015. [in press].
  59. Pareek AK, Messerli FH, Chandurkar NB, et al. Efficacy of low-dose chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide as assessed by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:379-389.
  60. Kario K. Proposal of RAS-diuretic vs. RAS-calcium antagonist strategies in high-risk hypertension: Insight from the 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure profile and central pressure. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2010;4:215-218.
  61. Kario K, Hoshide S, Shimizu M, et al. Effect of dosing time of angiotensin II receptor blockade titrated by self-measured blood pressure recordings on cardiorenal protection in hypertensives: The Japan Morning Surge-Target Organ Protection (J-TOP) study. J Hypertens. 2010;28:1574-1583.
  62. Kario K, Hoshide S, Uchiyama K, et al. Dose Timing of an Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker/Calcium Channel Blocker Combination in Hypertensive Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. J Clin Hypertens. 2016. [in press].
  63. Bhatt DL, Kandzari DE, O'Neill WW, et al. SYMPLICITY HTN-3 Investigators. A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1393-1401.
  64. Kario K, Ogawa H, Okumura K, et al. SYMPLICITY HTN-Japan Investigators. SYMPLICITY HTN-Japan -First randomized controlled trial of catheter-based renal denervation in Asian patients. Circ J. 2015;79:1222-1229.
  65. Kandzari D, Kario K, Mahfoud F, et al. The SPYRAL HTN global clinical trial program: Rationale and design for studies of renal denervation in the absence (SPYRAL HTN OFF-MED) and presence (SPYRAL HTN ON-MED) of antihypertensive medications. Am Heart J. 2016;171:82-91.
  66. Collins FS, Varmus H. A new initiative on precision medicine. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:793-795.
  67. Kikuya M, Ohkubo T, Metoki H, et al. Day-by-day variability of blood pressure and heart rate at home as a novel predictor of prognosis: The Ohasama study. Hypertension. 2008;52:1045-1050.
  68. Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Hoshide S, et al. Night time blood pressure variability is a strong predictor for cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22:46-51.
  69. Matsui Y, O'Rourke MF, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Shimada K, Kario K. Combined effect of angiotensin II receptor blocker and either a calcium channel blocker or diuretic on day-by-day variability of home blood pressure: The Japan Combined Treatment with Olmesartan and a Calcium-Channel Blocker Versus Olmesartan and Diuretics Randomized Efficacy study. Hypertension. 2012;59:1132-1138.
  70. Nagai M, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Shimada K, Kario K. Visit-to-visit blood pressure variations: New independent determinants for cognitive function in the elderly at high risk of cardiovascular disease. J Hypertens. 2012;30:1556-1563.
  71. Kawai T, Ohishi M, Ito N, et al. Alteration of vascular function is an important factor in the correlation between visit-to-visit blood pressure variability and cardiovascular disease. J Hypertens. 2013;31:1387-1395.
  72. Fukui M, Ushigome E, Tanaka M, et al. Home blood pressure variability on one occasion is a novel factor associated with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hypertens Res. 2013;36:219-225.
  73. Endo K, Kario K, Koga M, et al. Impact of early blood pressure variability on stroke outcomes after thrombolysis: The SAMURAI rt-PA Registry. Stroke. 2013;44:816-818.
  74. Wei FF, Li Y, Zhang L, et al. Beat-to-beat, reading-to-reading, and day-to-day blood pressure variability in relation to organ damage in untreated Chinese. Hypertension. 2014;63:790-796.
  75. Nagai M, Hoshide S, Nishikawa M, Masahisa S, Kario K. Visit-to-visit blood pressure variability in the elderly: Asso- ciations with cognitive impairment and carotid artery remodeling. Atherosclerosis. 2014;233:19-26.
  76. Kagitani H, Hoshide S, Kario K. Optimal indicators of home BP variability in perimenopausal women and associations with albuminuria and reproducibility: The J-HOT home BP study. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28:586-594.
  77. Rakugi H, Ogihara T, Saruta T, et al. Preferable effects of olmesartan/calcium channel blocker to olmesartan/diuretic on blood pressure variability in very elderly hypertension: COLM study subanalysis. J Hypertens. 2015;33:2165-2172.
  78. Shibasaki S, Hoshide S, Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Kario K, Japan Morning Surge-Home Blood Pressure (J-HOP) Study Group. Increase trend in home blood pressure on a single occasion is associated With B-type natriuretic peptide and the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28: 1098-1105.
  79. Kario K, Eguchi K, Nakagawa Y, Motai K, Shimada K. Relationship between extreme dippers and orthostatic hypertension in elderly hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1998;31:77-82.
  80. Kario K, Eguchi K, Hoshide S, et al. U-curve relationship between orthostatic blood pressure change and silent cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: Orthostatic hypertension as a new cardiovascular risk factor. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:133-141.
  81. Hoshide S, Matsui Y, Shibasaki S, et al. Orthostatic hyper- tension detected by self-measured home blood pressure monitoring: A new cardiovascular risk factor for elderly hypertensives. Hypertens Res. 2008;31:1509-1516.
  82. Kario K. Orthostatic hypertension -A new haemodynamic cardiovascular risk factor. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013;9:726-738.
  83. Kario K, Tomitani N, Matsumoto Y, et al. Research and development of information and communication technology-based home blood pressure monitoring from morning to nocturnal hypertension. Ann Glob Health. 2016. [in press].
  84. Imaizumi Y, Eguchi K, Taketomi A, Tsuchihashi T, Kario K. Exaggerated blood pressure variability in patients with pneumoconiosis: A pilot study. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27: 1456-1463.
  85. Kayano H, Koba S, Matsui T, et al. Impact of depression on masked hypertension and variability in home blood pressure in treated hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res. 2015;38: 751-757.
  86. Umemoto S, Ogihara T, Matsuzaki M, et al. Effects of calcium channel blocker-based combinations on intra-individual blood pressure variability: post hoc analysis of the COPE trial. Hypertens Res. 2016;39:46-53.
  87. Imaizumi Y, Eguchi K, Kario K. Coexistence of PM2.5 and low temperature is associated with morning hypertension in hypertensives. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2015;37:468-472.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kario, K.
Affiliations
Jichi Medical University (JP)
Corresponding author
Kario, Kazuomi
ORCID
Kario, Kazuomi
Venue
Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2016-11
Volume
59
Issue
3
Pages
262-281
ISSN
0033-0620 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.pcad.2016.04.001
OpenAlex
W2318920883
Cited by
144
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 5
FWCI
3.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (26293192)
  • Banyu Life Science Foundation International
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
Keywords
hypertension, 24-hour blood pressure control, nocturnal blood pressure dipping, blood pressure variability, morning blood pressure surge, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, home blood pressure monitoring, wearable blood pressure monitoring, cardiovascular events, hemodynamic biomarkers
MeSH terms
Blood Pressure, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Hypertension, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory, Disease Management, Asian People

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review