Blood Pressure Indices and Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia Pacific Region: A Pooled Analysis
Abstract
This article aims to compare the importance of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP) as risk factors for stroke and ischemic heart disease and to assess whether the patterns are consistent by age and gender. Cox proportional-hazards regression, adjusted for cholesterol and smoking, was used to assess the associations of the 4 BP indices with stroke and ischemic heart disease by age and gender. The relative importance of individual indices was assessed with a hazard ratios for a 1-SD change in BP and by likelihood-ratio χ 2 tests. The influence of >1 BP index in the Cox model was also estimated. The analyses demonstrated similar associations of SBP, DBP, and MAP with both fatal stroke and ischemic heart diseases, which were stronger than those of PP. Both SBP and MAP tended to be more important in the regression model than DBP or PP. In Cox models including DBP, addition of SBP improved the goodness of fit at all ages and for both genders. However, in Cox models including SBP, addition of DBP typically resulted in little incremental benefit over and above that of SBP alone. These data suggest that if time or resources are highly constrained, such as in much-needed epidemiologic surveys in developing countries, very little is lost from only measuring SBP.
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Based on all available evidence, a reference consumption level of 1.0±0.1 g/d was previously identified for the main GBD analysis evaluating all health effects including gastric cancer.
“Based on all available evidence, we had previously identified a reference consumption level of 1.0±0.1 g/d for our main GBD analysis evaluating all health effects including gastric cancer.17”
From Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
No further benefits were quantified for estimated systolic blood pressure reductions below 115 mm Hg.
“No further benefits were quantified for estimated systolic BP reductions below 115 mm Hg. 17”
From Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
The final age patterns of systolic blood pressure effects on cardiovascular disease mortality were similar to prior estimated patterns, but with a slightly less steep age effect at younger ages.
“The final age patterns were similar to prior estimated patterns, 17 but with slightly less steep age effect at younger ages (resulting in modestly smaller estimated burdens at younger ages).”
From Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration
- Affiliations
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 69-75
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- OpenAlex
- W1552397944
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Health Research Council of New Zealand
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, stroke, ischemic heart disease, cardiovascular risk factors, age and sex differences, Asia-Pacific region
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Australia, Blood Pressure, Asia, Eastern, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New Zealand, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Myocardial Ischemia, Stroke
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