The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sleep in Adolescents: The Perfect Storm
Open accessAbstract
The perfect storm metaphor applies to sleep patterns of adolescents in the sense that developmental trajectories of biopsychosocial factors conspire to limit the quantity of sleep for many adolescents resulting in a number of negative consequences. A reduction in sleep amount from late childhood through the second decade has long been known; however, the weight of current evidence holds that sleep need does not decline across this span. Nevertheless, parents, pediatricians, and school teachers, it seems, long assumed that this sleep decline was an inevitable part of growing up and a normative expectation. We shall see below that the loss of sleep through adolescence is not driven by lower need for sleep but arises from a convergence of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences.
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In the citing paper
“Most adolescents sleep less than the recommended daily sleep at this age (8 to 10 hours) (5, 6)”
From Sleepmore in Seattle: Later school start times are associated with more sleep and better performance in high school students (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, sleep is facilitated ever later into the evening and night in adolescents [5].”
From The Power of Flexible School Start Times: (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is evidence that adolescents in most industrialized societies do not achieve the recommended approximately 9 hours of daily sleep during school days (5, 15)”
From Sleepmore in Seattle: Later school start times are associated with more sleep and better performance in high school students (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Developmentally specific changes in the two biological processes known to regulate sleep, circadian timing, and homeostatic sleep pressure or sleep drive [54,55] contribute to a delay in the timing of sleep among adolescents.”
From Later School Start Times as a Public Health Intervention to Promote Sleep Health in Adolescents (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“Adolescence has been described as bringing about a "Perfect Storm" of biological, psychosocial and societal factors that work together to produce short and ill-timed sleep for a majority of this population, where sleep need remains high [22,69,70].”
From Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [69]
In the citing paper
“Unlike adults, growing adolescents require on average as much as 9-10 hours of sleep per night [29, 33].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“However, even the adolescents with earliest parental-set bedtimes only received 8 hrs 10 min of sleep per night, on average [58], far less than the recommended 9-10 hours [33, 29].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Homeostatic sleep drive takes longer to build”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“sensitivity to the phase-shifting effects of light increases”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Sleep timing shifts later, i.e., delays, throughout adolescence, with greater delays on weekends, when sleep timing is unconstrained by school schedules (37).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Changes in sleep/circadian timing appear to result from both phase delays in the timing of the circadian clock (38), and a slower accumulation in homeostatic sleep drive (37).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Although sleep duration decreases, sleep need—i.e., the amount of sleep required to ensure maximal alertness and performance—appears to remain unchanged (37).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“adolescents tend to experience reduced sleep duration, increased daytime sleepiness, and increased sleep disturbances (37).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Insufficient sleep and poor quality sleep are pervasive during adolescence (Carskadon, 2011; Dahl and Lewin, 2002) and relate to impairments in cognitive regulation and increases in health compromising behaviors such as substance use (Hasler et al., 2012; Kenney et al., 2012; McKnight-Eily et al., 2011; O'Brien and Mindell, 2005).”
From The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as Carskadon, 2011
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Citations
Cites
Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine
Kryger, M. H., Roth, T. G., & Dement, W. C. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-59875-3 · Cited by 5,118
Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation
Binder, M. D., Hirokawa, N., & Windhorst, U. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_6166 · Cited by 3,900
Tanner, J. M. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,742
Action Spectrum for Melatonin Regulation in Humans: Evidence for a Novel Circadian Photoreceptor
Brainard, G. C., Hanifin, J. P., Greeson, J. M., Byrne, B., Glickman, G., Gerner, E., & Rollag, M. D. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-16-06405.2001 · Cited by 1,930
Sleep Schedules and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents
Wolfson, A. R., & Carskadon, M. A. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06149.x · Cited by 1,676
Self-citationSleep Homeostasis and Models of Sleep Regulation
Borb, A. A., & Achermann, P. (1999) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873099129000894 · Cited by 1,546
Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review
Cain, N., & Gradisar, M. (2010) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.006 · Cited by 1,376
Thapan, K., Arendt, J., & Skene, D. J. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00261.x · Cited by 1,320
Sleep Duration From Infancy to Adolescence: Reference Values and Generational Trends
Iglowstein, I., Jenni, O. G., Molinari, L., & Largo, R. H. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.111.2.302 · Cited by 1,318
Association between Puberty and Delayed Phase Preference
Carskadon, M. A., Vieira, C., & Acebo, C. (1993) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/16.3.258 · Cited by 1,167
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Bearpark, 1987, Prevalence of sleep/wake disturbances in Sidney adolescents, Sleep Res, 16, 304
- Carskadon, 2001, Melatonin sensitivity to light in adolescents: preliminary results, Sleep, 24, A190
- Tarokh L, Carskadon MA, Rusterholz T, et al. Homeostatic sleep regulation in adolescents: longitudinal perspectives. Sleep, in press.
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Fong-Isariyawongse, J. S. (2024) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381241257949
Metadata
- Authors
- Carskadon, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Bradley Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carskadon, Mary A.
- ORCID
- Carskadon, Mary A.
- Venue
- Pediatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 637-647
- ISSN
- 0031-3955 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3130594
- OpenAlex
- W1987837230
- Semantic Scholar
- 4e636dba12cca3653234fb5578c02cf7ee05ef60
- Cited by
- 1,122
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 107 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Pediatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA013252)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL71120)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH045945, MH52415, R01MH079179, R01MH052415, R01MH076969, MH58879, R25MH058879, MH079179)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR008381)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- adolescent sleep, sleep duration, sleep need, sleep deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Sleep, Adolescent Development
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