CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 194Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and related disordersSleep and Wakefulness Research

Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents

Open access
Logan, Ryan W., Hasler, Brant P., Forbes, Erika E., Franzen, Peter L., Torregrossa, Mary M., Huang, Yanhua H., Buysse, Daniel J., Clark, Duncan B. +1 more·2018·Biological Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.035PMC PMC5972052
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Sleep homeostasis and circadian function are important maintaining factors for optimal health and well-being. Conversely, sleep and circadian disruptions are implicated in a variety of adverse health outcomes including substance use disorders (SUDs). These risks are particularly salient during adolescence. Adolescents require 8–10 hours of sleep per night, although few consistently achieve these durations. A mismatch between developmental changes and social/environmental demands contributes to inadequate sleep. Homeostatic sleep drive takes longer to build, circadian rhythms naturally delay, and sensitivity to the phase-shifting effects of light increases, all of which lead to an evening preference (i.e., chronotype) during adolescence. On the other hand, school start times are often earlier and use of electronic devices at night increases, leading to disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment (i.e., social jet-lag). Social factors (e.g., peer influence) and school demands further impact sleep and circadian rhythms. To cope with sleepiness, many teens regularly consume highly caffeinated energy drinks and other stimulants, creating further disruptions in sleep. Chronic sleep loss and circadian misalignment enhance developmental tendencies towards increase reward sensitivity and impulsivity, increasing the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors, and exacerbating the vulnerability to substance use and SUDs. We review the neurobiology of brain reward systems and the impact of sleep and circadian rhythms changes on addiction vulnerability in adolescence, and suggest areas that warrant further research.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review argues that adolescent sleep and circadian disruption—driven by delayed rhythms, insufficient sleep, and social jet lag—enhances reward sensitivity and impulsivity, increasing vulnerability to substance use disorders. It synthesizes human and animal evidence for sleep/circadian modulation of reward circuitry and highlights chronotherapy and later school start times as potential interventions.

Key findings

  • Adolescents need 8–10 hours of sleep per night, but 71% of high school students sleep less than 8 hours and 44% sleep fewer than 6 hours; developmental phase delays, slower homeostatic sleep drive, increased light sensitivity, early school start times, electronic device use, and social factors contribute to circadian misalignment and “social jet lag.”
  • Sleep/circadian disruption is associated with increased substance use and related problems: short sleep and weekend oversleep prospectively predict future alcohol and illicit drug use, and eveningness predicts increases in substance involvement rather than merely resulting from it.
  • Sleep and circadian changes modulate reward circuitry: social jet lag is associated with lower mPFC reactivity to monetary reward; later sleep timing is associated with reduced mPFC and ventral striatal responses; sleep deprivation increases ventral striatal and decreases mPFC responses in young adults, while sleep restriction blunts striatal reward-outcome reactivity in adolescents.
  • Animal and genetic evidence supports conserved mechanisms: adolescent rodents self-administer greater quantities of rewarding substances than adults, sleep deprivation alters mPFC-to-nucleus accumbens synaptic transmission and enhances reward seeking, and circadian gene variants such as PER2, PER1, and CLOCK are linked to addiction-related phenotypes.

Methods

  • Narrative review, not a primary study; no new participants, sample, or original data are reported.
  • Synthesizes human epidemiological, neuroimaging, and genetic studies alongside animal models of sleep, circadian rhythms, reward, and substance use.
  • Main analysis is conceptual integration, culminating in a testable hypothesis that late sleep timing, short sleep duration, and circadian misalignment adversely affect cortico-limbic function, enhancing reward function and impairing cognitive control to increase substance use risk.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: cellular and molecular mechanisms linking sleep/circadian rhythms to reward remain poorly understood, and the directionality of associations is unclear—sleep/circadian disturbances may influence reward function, or sensation-seeking may drive late-night behavior and sleep loss.
  • Stated in the paper: most circadian gene studies were completed in adulthood, and few studies have evaluated chronotherapies in adolescents, with existing adolescent trials limited to depression or delayed phase sleep disorder.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not systematically search or quantitatively synthesize the literature, and its conclusions rely on cited evidence and a proposed model rather than new experimental tests.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.035

Cites

150 of 150 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 118 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Sleep and circadian disruptions are implicated in adverse health outcomes including substance use disorders.

    “Sleep and circadian disruptions are implicated in a variety of adverse health outcomes including substance use disorders (SUDs).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [54] McKnight-Eily, 2011, Relationships between hours of sleep and health-risk behaviors in US adolescent students, Prev Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [55] Paiva, 2016, Mutual relations between sleep deprivation, sleep stealers and risk behaviours in adolescents, Sleep Sci source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [56] Sivertsen, 2015, Sleep and use of alcohol and drug in adolescence. A large population-based study of Norwegian adolescents aged 16 to 19 years, Drug Alcohol Depend source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    Developmental changes in sleep drive, circadian timing, and light sensitivity lead to an evening preference during adolescence.

    “all of which lead to an evening preference (i.e., chronotype) during adolescence”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable time for initiating drug use and developing substance use disorders.

    “Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable time for initiating drug use and developing SUDs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Chen, 2009, Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems, Addict Behav source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Sharma, 2016, Neurobiology of adolescent substance use disorders, Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    Chronic sleep loss and circadian misalignment enhance developmental tendencies towards increased reward sensitivity and impulsivity in adolescents.

    “Chronic sleep loss and circadian misalignment enhance developmental tendencies towards increase reward sensitivity and impulsivity”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning

    A mismatch between developmental changes and social/environmental demands contributes to inadequate sleep in adolescents.

    “A mismatch between developmental changes and social/environmental demands contributes to inadequate sleep.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 27
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Earlier school start times and increased nighttime electronic device use lead to disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment in adolescents.

    “school start times are often earlier and use of electronic devices at night increases, leading to disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment (i.e., social jet-lag)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Rates of comorbidity between affective and substance use disorders during adolescence range from 9.0-47.9%.

    “Rates of comorbidity between affective and SUDs during adolescence range from 9.0–47.9%”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] O’Neil, 2011, Internalizing disorders and substance use disorders in youth: Comorbidity, risk, temporal order, and implications for intervention, Clin Psychol Rev source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Affective problems such as depression and anxiety often emerge during adolescence and are associated with greater rates of substance use.

    “Affective problems, such as depression and anxiety, also often emerge during adolescence, both of which are associated with greater rates of substance use (4,5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Kandel, 1997, Psychiatric disorders associated with substance use among children and adolescents: Findings from the Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA) Study, J Abnorm Child Psychol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5] O’Neil, 2011, Internalizing disorders and substance use disorders in youth: Comorbidity, risk, temporal order, and implications for intervention, Clin Psychol Rev source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Initiation of substance use typically occurs during mid-to-late adolescence (~14-18 years), with frequency increasing during adolescence into early adulthood and peaking in the 20s.

    “Initiation of substance use (i.e., first use of alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs) typically occurs during mid-to-late adolescence (~14–18 years), with frequency of use increasing during adolescence into early adulthood, and peaking during their 20’s”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Chen, 1995, The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the mid-thirties in a general population sample, Am J Public Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Delays in sleep, circadian preference, and chronotype begin around puberty and reach maximum around age 20 before shifting earlier over the lifespan.

    “Delays in sleep, circadian preference, and chronotype begin around puberty and reach their maximum around age 20 before beginning a long, slow shift towards earlier timing over the lifespan (35,36).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35] Randler, 2008, Morningness-eveningness comparison in adolescents from different countries around the world, Chronobiol Int source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Roenneberg, 2004, A marker for the end of adolescence, Curr Biol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Adolescent rodents are willing to self-administer greater quantities of rewarding substances than adults, which may be mediated by an increased drive for rewards.

    “adolescent rodents are willing to self-administer greater quantities of rewarding substances than adults, which may be mediated by an increased drive for rewards”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sleep timing shifts later throughout adolescence, with greater delays on weekends when unconstrained by school schedules.

    “Sleep timing shifts later, i.e., delays, throughout adolescence, with greater delays on weekends, when sleep timing is unconstrained by school schedules (37).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Carskadon, 2011, Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm, Pediatr Clin North Am source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Changes in sleep/circadian timing appear to result from both phase delays in the circadian clock and a slower accumulation in homeostatic sleep drive.

    “Changes in sleep/circadian timing appear to result from both phase delays in the timing of the circadian clock (38), and a slower accumulation in homeostatic sleep drive (37).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [37] Carskadon, 2011, Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm, Pediatr Clin North Am source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] Crowley, 2014, A longitudinal assessment of sleep timing, circadian phase, and phase angle of entrainment across human adolescence, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Caffeine later in the day disrupts sleep and delays circadian timing.

    “caffeine later in the day disrupts sleep and delays circadian timing (52,53).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [52] Burke, 2015, Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock in vivo and in vitro, Sci Transl Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [53] Drake, 2013, Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed, J Clin Sleep Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adolescents with short sleep duration are more likely to use substances including caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drugs, and to engage in other risky behaviors.

    “Adolescents with short sleep duration are more likely to use substances—including caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drugs (54–56)—and to engage in other risky behaviors (54,57,58).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [54] McKnight-Eily, 2011, Relationships between hours of sleep and health-risk behaviors in US adolescent students, Prev Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [55] Paiva, 2016, Mutual relations between sleep deprivation, sleep stealers and risk behaviours in adolescents, Sleep Sci source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [56] Sivertsen, 2015, Sleep and use of alcohol and drug in adolescence. A large population-based study of Norwegian adolescents aged 16 to 19 years, Drug Alcohol Depend source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] Thomas, 2015, Sleep problems across development: A pathway to adolescent risk taking through working memory, J Youth Adolesc source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [58] Wheaton, 2016, Sleep duration and injury-related risk behaviors among high school students—United States, 2007-2013, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adolescents tend to experience reduced sleep duration, increased daytime sleepiness, and increased sleep disturbances.

    “adolescents tend to experience reduced sleep duration, increased daytime sleepiness, and increased sleep disturbances (37).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Carskadon, 2011, Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm, Pediatr Clin North Am source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The vast majority (71%) of high school students sleep less than 8 hours per night, and 44% sleep fewer than 6 hours per night.

    “the vast majority (71%) of high school students sleep less than 8 hours per night, and 44% sleep fewer than 6 hours per night (44).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Basch, 2014, Prevalence of sleep duration on an average school night among 4 nationally representative successive samples of American high school students, 2007-2013, Prev Chronic Dis source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although sleep duration decreases during adolescence, sleep need appears to remain unchanged.

    “Although sleep duration decreases, sleep need—i.e., the amount of sleep required to ensure maximal alertness and performance—appears to remain unchanged (37).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Carskadon, 2011, Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm, Pediatr Clin North Am source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Slow-wave sleep decreases about 60% across adolescence, possibly reflecting synaptic pruning and resulting efficiency of network connectivity.

    “Slow-wave sleep (SWS) decreases ~60% across adolescence (49), possibly reflecting synaptic pruning and resulting efficiency of network connectivity (50,51).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [49] Baker, 2016, Age-related differences in sleep architecture and electroencephalogram in adolescents in the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence sample, Sleep source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Feinberg, 2010, Sleep EEG changes during adolescence: An index of a fundamental brain reorganization, Brain Cogn source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Saletin, 2013, Structural brain correlates of human sleep oscillations, Neuroimage source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Multiple lines of evidence support sleep and circadian modulation of reward function, suggesting a mechanistic pathway to substance abuse.

    “Multiple lines of evidence support sleep and circadian modulation of reward function, suggesting a mechanistic pathway to substance abuse (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [70] Hasler, 2012, Chronotype and diurnal patterns of positive affect and affective neural circuitry in primary insomnia, J Sleep Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [71] Miller, 2015, Chronotype predicts positive affect rhythms measured by ecological momentary assessment, Chronobiol Int source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [72] Murray, 2009, Nature’s clocks and human mood: The circadian system modulates reward motivation, Emotion source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cross-sectional studies in adolescents and adults report associations between greater eveningness and more frequent substance use and increased substance problems.

    “Cross-sectional studies in adolescents and adults report associations between greater eveningness and more frequent substance use and increased substance problems (63).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Hasler, 2015, Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder, Alcohol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Recent prospective evidence suggests eveningness predicts increases in substance involvement, and not merely a consequence of staying up late because of substance use.

    “Recent prospective evidence suggests eveningness predicts increases in substance involvement, and not merely a consequence of staying up late because they are engaging in substance use (64,65).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [64] Tavernier, 2015, Perceived morningness-eveningness predicts academic adjustment and substance use across university, but social jetlag is not to blame, Chronobiol Int source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [65] Hasler, 2017, Eveningness among late adolescent males predicts neural reactivity to reward and alcohol dependence two years later, Behav Brain Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Eveningness is associated with depression, reduced reward responsiveness, blunted positive affect rhythms, sensation seeking, poor self-regulation, and impulsivity.

    “eveningness is associated with depression, reduced reward responsiveness, blunted positive affect rhythms, sensation seeking, poor self-regulation, and impulsivity (70,71,73–79).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 9 sources checked
    • cites [70] Hasler, 2012, Chronotype and diurnal patterns of positive affect and affective neural circuitry in primary insomnia, J Sleep Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [71] Miller, 2015, Chronotype predicts positive affect rhythms measured by ecological momentary assessment, Chronobiol Int source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [73] Adan, 2010, Relationship between circadian typology and functional and dysfunctional impulsivity, Chronobiol Int source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [74] Caci, 2004, Novelty seekers and impulsive subjects are low in morningness, Eur Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [75] Drennan, 1991, The effects of depression and age on the Horne-Ostberg morningness-eveningness score, J Affect Disord source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [76] Hasler, 2010, Morningness-eveningness and depression: Preliminary evidence for the role of the behavioral activation system and positive affect, Psychiatry Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [77] Merikanto, 2015, Circadian preference links to depression in general adult population, J Affect Disord source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [78] Owens, 2016, Self-regulation and sleep duration, sleepiness, and chronotype in adolescents, Pediatrics source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [79] Tonetti, 2010, Morningness-eveningness preference and sensation seeking, Eur Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several longitudinal studies have linked markers of social jet-lag, including larger weekend delays and more variable sleep timing, with greater likelihood of alcohol use 2 years later, greater alcohol use disorder symptoms 3 and 5 years later, and earlier onset of alcohol use disorder.

    “Several longitudinal studies have linked markers of social jet-lag, including larger weekend delays and more variable sleep timing, with greater likelihood of alcohol use 2-years later (59); greater alcohol use disorder symptoms 3- and 5-years later (68); and an earlier onset of alcohol use disorder (69).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [59] Pasch, 2012, Longitudinal bi-directional relationships between sleep and youth substance use, J Youth Adolesc source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [68] Hasler, 2014, A longitudinal study of insomnia and other sleep complaints in adolescents with and without alcohol use disorders, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [69] Hasler, 2016, Restless sleep and variable sleep timing during late childhood accelerate the onset of alcohol and other drug involvement, J Stud Alcohol Drugs source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sleep restriction is associated with blunted striatal reactivity to reward outcome in adolescents, but heightened response in young adults.

    “sleep restriction is associated with blunted striatal reactivity to reward outcome in adolescents (91), but heightened response in young adults (92).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [91] Franzen, 2016, Sleep restriction lowers striatal responses to the receipt of monetary reward in adolescents, Sleep

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [92] Germain, 2016, Sleep restriction amplifies neural response to reward cues compared to normal sleep and sleep deprivation, Sleep

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Sleep deprivation disrupts reward neural circuitry, usually enhancing brain reactivity to positive experiences.

    “Sleep deprivation also disrupts reward neural circuitry, usually enhancing brain reactivity to positive experiences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [86] Mullin, 2013, Sleep deprivation amplifies striatal activation to monetary reward, Psychol Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [87] Venkatraman, 2007, Sleep deprivation elevates expectation of gains and attenuates response to losses following risky decisions, Sleep source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [88] Gujar, 2011, Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences, J Neurosci source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [89] Telzer, 2013, The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence, Neuroimage source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Thomas, 2000, Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness. I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity, J Sleep Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Typically-developing adolescents with shorter sleep duration and lower sleep quality exhibit lower caudate response to reward anticipation, greater insula response to risk-taking, and lower functional connectivity between DLPFC and both insula and ventral striatum during risk taking.

    “Typically-developing adolescents with shorter sleep duration and lower sleep quality exhibit lower caudate response to reward anticipation (85), greater insula response to risk-taking, and lower functional connectivity between DLPFC and both insula and VS during risk taking (89)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [85] Holm, 2009, Reward-related brain function and sleep in pre/early pubertal and mid/late pubertal adolescents, J Adolesc Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [89] Telzer, 2013, The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence, Neuroimage source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Variants of PER2 are associated with D2 receptor availability and cocaine addiction vulnerability, risky alcohol drinking under high psychosocial stress, and disrupted sleep.

    “Variants of PER2 are associated with D2 receptor availability and cocaine addiction vulnerability (133,134); risky alcohol drinking under high psychosocial stress (135); and disrupted sleep (136).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [133] Shumay, 2012, Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability, Transl Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [134] Volkow, 2011, Addiction: Beyond dopamine reward circuitry, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [135] Blomeyer, 2013, Association of PER2 genotype and stressful life events with alcohol drinking in young adults, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [136] Comasco, 2010, The clock gene PER2 and sleep problems: Association with alcohol consumption among Swedish adolescents, Ups J Med Sci source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sleep deprivation reduces dopamine D2/D3 receptors in the ventral striatum without affecting basal dopamine release.

    “sleep deprivation reduces dopamine D2/D3 receptors in the VS without affecting basal dopamine release (96)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [96] Volkow, 2012, Evidence that sleep deprivation downregulates dopamine D2R in ventral striatum in the human brain, J Neurosci source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CLOCK variants, particularly the CLOCK 3111T/C polymorphism, are associated with alcohol dependence and increased risk for comorbid depression and alcohol use disorders.

    “CLOCK variants, particularly the CLOCK 3111T/C polymorphism, are associated with alcohol dependence (138), and increased risk for comorbid depression and alcohol use disorders (139).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [138] Kovanen, 2010, Circadian clock gene polymorphisms in alcohol use disorders and alcohol consumption, Alcohol Alcohol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [139] Sjöholm, 2010, CLOCK is suggested to associate with comorbid alcohol use and depressive disorders, J Circadian Rhythms source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A combination of later school start times at the population level and sleep and circadian interventions at the individual level could help align adolescents' biological rhythms with the environment and perhaps mitigate future psychiatric and substance abuse problems.

    “A combination of later school start times at the population level, and sleep and circadian interventions at the individual level, could help to align adolescent’s biological rhythms with the environment and perhaps mitigate future psychiatric and substance abuse problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chronotherapies such as bright light therapy and social rhythm therapy are efficacious treatments for certain mood disorders in adults and have favorable side effect profiles.

    “Chronotherapies, such as bright light therapy and social rhythm therapy, are efficacious treatments for certain mood disorders in adults, and have favorable side effect profiles (147,148).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [147] Wirz-Justice, 2003, Chronobiology and mood disorders, Dialogues Clin Neurosci source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [148] Frank, 2007, Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: A means of improving depression and preventing relapse in bipolar disorder, J Clin Psychol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    One randomized cross-over trial of 28 adolescents with depression found bright light therapy (2,500 lux vs. placebo, 50 lux) induced an antidepressant response and a phase advance of cortisol and melatonin rhythms, with no adverse treatment effects.

    “One randomized cross-over trial of 28 adolescents with depression found BLT (2,500 lux vs. placebo, 50 lux), induced an antidepressant response and a phase advance of cortisol and melatonin rhythms, with no adverse treatment effects (150).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [150] Niederhofer, 2012, Bright light treatment as mono-therapy of non-seasonal depression for 28 adolescents, Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract source

      Not checked in the free run.

28 of 28

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sleep and circadian rhythms undergo developmental changes from childhood through adolescence and into adulthood.

    “Sleep and circadian rhythms undergo developmental changes from childhood through adolescence and into adulthood.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    During adolescence, an evening preference combined with social demands and other environmental factors contributes to circadian misalignment and exacerbates sleep disturbances, impacting neural circuits underlying mood and reward.

    “During adolescence, an evening preference combined with social demands and other environmental factors, contributes to circadian misalignment and further exacerbates sleep disturbances, impacting neural circuits underlying mood and reward.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Adolescent development is associated with enhanced reward sensitivity relative to cognitive control, phase delay in endogenous circadian rhythms, and reduced homeostatic sleep drive.

    “Adolescent development is associated with enhanced reward sensitivity relative to cognitive control, phase delay in endogenous circadian rhythms, and reduced homeostatic sleep drive.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Genetic, environmental and social factors interact with these developmental processes, often resulting in late sleep timing, short sleep duration, and circadian misalignment.

    “Genetic, environmental and social factors interact with these developmental processes, often resulting in late sleep timing, short sleep duration, and circadian misalignment.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Humans, rodents and some non-human primates undergo changes in circadian rhythms during adolescence.

    “Humans, rodents and some NHPs undergo changes in circadian rhythms during adolescence140.”

    From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [140]

  • Environmental factors, such as social pressure from peers and/or decreasing parental involvement in bedtime routines, can also contribute to changes in adolescent sleep timing and duration.

    “Environmental factors, such as social pressure from peers and/or decreasing parental involvement in bedtime routines, can also contribute to changes in adolescent sleep timing and duration140.”

    From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [140]

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Franzen, 2016, Sleep restriction lowers striatal responses to the receipt of monetary reward in adolescents, Sleep, 39S, A93
  2. Germain, 2016, Sleep restriction amplifies neural response to reward cues compared to normal sleep and sleep deprivation, Sleep, 39S, A94

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Logan, R. W., Hasler, B. P., Forbes, E. E., Franzen, P. L., Torregrossa, M. M., Huang, Y. H., Buysse, D. J., Clark, D. B., & McClung, C. A.
Affiliations
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author
McClung, Colleen A.
ORCID
Venue
Biological Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-06
Volume
83
Issue
12
Pages
987-996
ISSN
0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.035
PMC
PMC5972052
OpenAlex
W2772046940
Semantic Scholar
00246217ceb81edb5fc9e742d5c22f4f50f41e08
Cited by
194
References
150
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 10 · 2016: 1
FWCI
1.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biological Psychiatry (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (5K01DA038654-03, 5R21DA041872-02, 4K01DA032557-05, 5R01DA033064-04, 5R21DA041563-02, 5R01DA042029-02, 5R01DA035805-04, 5R01DA039865-03, 1K02DA042886-01)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (5R01MH104418-03, 5K01MH077106-05, 5R01MH077159-09, 5R01MH106460-02)
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA025547)
  • National Institute on Aging (5R01AG047139-03)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords
sleep, circadian rhythm, addiction vulnerability, adolescents, substance use disorders, sleep homeostasis, chronotype, school start time, social jetlag, energy drinks, caffeine, reward sensitivity, impulsivity, brain reward system, sleep deprivation
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Sleep Wake Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Vulnerable Populations

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review