Sleep in Adolescents: The Perfect Storm
Open accessAbstract
The perfect storm metaphor applies to sleep patterns of adolescents in the sense that developmental trajectories of biopsychosocial factors conspire to limit the quantity of sleep for many adolescents resulting in a number of negative consequences. A reduction in sleep amount from late childhood through the second decade has long been known; however, the weight of current evidence holds that sleep need does not decline across this span. Nevertheless, parents, pediatricians, and school teachers, it seems, long assumed that this sleep decline was an inevitable part of growing up and a normative expectation. We shall see below that the loss of sleep through adolescence is not driven by lower need for sleep but arises from a convergence of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences.
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Most adolescents sleep less than the recommended daily sleep at this age (8 to 10 hours).
“Most adolescents sleep less than the recommended daily sleep at this age (8 to 10 hours) (5, 6)”
From Sleepmore in Seattle: Later school start times are associated with more sleep and better performance in high school students (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
The “Sleep Patterns of Adolescents” section reports declining school-night sleep, from 8.4 hours in sixth grade to 6.9 hours in twelfth grade, supporting the general concern about insufficient sleep. It does not establish that most adolescents sleep under eight hours daily or state an 8–10-hour recommendation; reported weekend sleep was about nine hours for grades 6–11. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSleep is facilitated ever later into the evening and night in adolescents.
“Therefore, sleep is facilitated ever later into the evening and night in adolescents [5].”
From The Power of Flexible School Start Times: (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Adolescents in most industrialized societies do not achieve the recommended approximately 9 hours of daily sleep during school days.
“There is evidence that adolescents in most industrialized societies do not achieve the recommended approximately 9 hours of daily sleep during school days (5, 15)”
From Sleepmore in Seattle: Later school start times are associated with more sleep and better performance in high school students (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Developmentally specific changes in circadian timing and homeostatic sleep pressure contribute to a delay in the timing of sleep among adolescents.
“Developmentally specific changes in the two biological processes known to regulate sleep, circadian timing, and homeostatic sleep pressure or sleep drive [54,55] contribute to a delay in the timing of sleep among adolescents.”
From Later School Start Times as a Public Health Intervention to Promote Sleep Health in Adolescents (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
Adolescence brings about a 'Perfect Storm' of biological, psychosocial and societal factors that work together to produce short and ill-timed sleep for a majority of this population, where sleep need remains high.
“Adolescence has been described as bringing about a "Perfect Storm" of biological, psychosocial and societal factors that work together to produce short and ill-timed sleep for a majority of this population, where sleep need remains high [22,69,70].”
From Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [69]
Growing adolescents require on average as much as 9-10 hours of sleep per night.
“Unlike adults, growing adolescents require on average as much as 9-10 hours of sleep per night [29, 33].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
Even the adolescents with earliest parental-set bedtimes only received 8 hrs 10 min of sleep per night, on average, far less than the recommended 9-10 hours.
“However, even the adolescents with earliest parental-set bedtimes only received 8 hrs 10 min of sleep per night, on average [58], far less than the recommended 9-10 hours [33, 29].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
During adolescence, homeostatic sleep drive takes longer to build.
“Homeostatic sleep drive takes longer to build”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
During adolescence, sensitivity to the phase-shifting effects of light increases.
“sensitivity to the phase-shifting effects of light increases”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
Sleep timing shifts later throughout adolescence, with greater delays on weekends when unconstrained by school schedules.
“Sleep timing shifts later, i.e., delays, throughout adolescence, with greater delays on weekends, when sleep timing is unconstrained by school schedules (37).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
Changes in sleep/circadian timing appear to result from both phase delays in the circadian clock and a slower accumulation in homeostatic sleep drive.
“Changes in sleep/circadian timing appear to result from both phase delays in the timing of the circadian clock (38), and a slower accumulation in homeostatic sleep drive (37).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
Although sleep duration decreases during adolescence, sleep need appears to remain unchanged.
“Although sleep duration decreases, sleep need—i.e., the amount of sleep required to ensure maximal alertness and performance—appears to remain unchanged (37).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
Adolescents tend to experience reduced sleep duration, increased daytime sleepiness, and increased sleep disturbances.
“adolescents tend to experience reduced sleep duration, increased daytime sleepiness, and increased sleep disturbances (37).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
Insufficient sleep and poor quality sleep are pervasive during adolescence.
“Insufficient sleep and poor quality sleep are pervasive during adolescence (Carskadon, 2011; Dahl and Lewin, 2002) and relate to impairments in cognitive regulation and increases in health compromising behaviors such as substance use (Hasler et al., 2012; Kenney et al., 2012; McKnight-Eily et al., 2011; O'Brien and Mindell, 2005).”
From The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as Carskadon, 2011
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- Authors
- Carskadon, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Bradley Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carskadon, Mary A.
- ORCID
- Carskadon, Mary A.
- Venue
- Pediatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 637-647
- ISSN
- 0031-3955 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3130594
- OpenAlex
- W1987837230
- Semantic Scholar
- 4e636dba12cca3653234fb5578c02cf7ee05ef60
- Cited by
- 1,122
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 107 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Pediatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA013252)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL71120)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH045945, MH52415, R01MH079179, R01MH052415, R01MH076969, MH58879, R25MH058879, MH079179)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR008381)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- adolescent sleep, sleep duration, sleep need, sleep deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Sleep, Adolescent Development
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