Effect of chronic caffeine intake on choice reaction time, mood, and visual vigilance
Abstract
The stimulatory effects of acute caffeine intake on choice reaction time, mood state, and visual vigilance are well established. Little research exists, however, on the effects of chronic caffeine ingestion on psychomotor tasks. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 5 days of controlled caffeine intake on cognitive and psychomotor performance. Three groups of 20 healthy males (age=22+/-3 years, mass=75.4+/-7.9 kg, body fat percentage=11.2+/-5.1%) twice completed a battery of cognitive and psychomotor tasks: after 6 days of 3 mg.kg(-1) day(-1) caffeine equilibration (Day 6), and after 5 days of experimental (0 [G0], 3 [G3], or 6 [G6] mg.kg(-1) day(-1)) caffeine intake (Day 11). Groups were randomized and stratified for age, mass, and body composition; all procedures were double-blind. Cognitive analyses involved a visual four-choice reaction time test, a mood state questionnaire, and a visual vigilance task. Experimental chronic caffeine intake did not significantly alter the number of correct responses or the mean latency of response for either the four-choice reaction time or the visual vigilance tasks. The Vigor-Activity subset of the mood state questionnaire was significantly greater in G3 than G0 or G6 on Day 11. All other mood constructs were unaffected by caffeine intake. In conclusion, few cognitive and psychomotor differences existed after 5 days of controlled caffeine ingestion between subjects consuming 0, 3, or 6 mg.kg(-1) day(-1) of caffeine, suggesting that chronic caffeine intake (1) has few perceptible effects on cognitive and psychomotor well-being and (2) may lead to a tolerance to some aspects of caffeine's acute effects.
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Studies that have employed long-term caffeine withdrawal methodology have consistently failed to find cognitive enhancing effects of acute caffeine.
“In fact, studies that have employed long-term caffeine withdrawal methodology have consistently failed to find cognitive enhancing effects of acute caffeine (78–82).”
From The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
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A Cup of Black Tea Does Not Modify Heart Rate Variability
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Acute Cardiovascular Effects of Turkish Coffee Assessed by VO2 Test: A Randomized Crossover Trial
Elsahoryi, N. A., Ibrahim, M. O., Alhaj, O. A., & Hammouh, F. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17050823 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Given how popular TC is, more research is needed to understand its long-term effects on metabolism and overall health.”
Caffeine, Mood, and Performance
Stafford, L. D., Rusted, J. M., & Yeomans, M. R. (2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420006568.ch11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effects of Caffeine on Physical and Cognitive Performance: A Brief Review
Jaffe, D., Hewit, J. K., Pilotte, N., Beck, G., & Karp, M. (2018) · Scholarly Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.32474/sjpbs.2018.01.000113 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Chronic caffeine consumption has also been shown to have a positive effect on long term memory, locomotor improvements, and overall mood state [9-11].”
BackgroundLin, Y.-S., Weibel, J., Landolt, H., Santini, F., Slawik, H. C., Borgwardt, S., Cajochen, C., & Reichert, C. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440520 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…either no changes or clear tolerance to daily caffeine consumption in mood (Sigmon, Herning, Better, Cadet, & Griffiths, 2009), vigilance (Galduróz & Carlini, 1996; Judelson et al., 2005; Weibel et al., 2020), and memory-related performance (Galduróz & Carlini, 1996; Watson, Deary, & Kerr, 2002).”
BackgroundVo, H. T. (2011) · The Internet Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.5580/60c · Cited by 1 · see citing works
THE EFFECT OF ENERGY DRINK INGESTION ON 5-KM RUNNING PERFORMANCE IN RECREATIONAL ENDURANCE RUNNERS
Prins, P. (2015) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Caffeine and Cognitive Performance: In Search of Balance in Scientific Opinion and Debate
James, J. E. (2014) · Journal of Caffeine Research · doi:10.1089/jcr.2014.0025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES AND POLICIES RELATED TO REST BREAKS FOR NIGHT NURSES IN MONTANA HOSPITALS
Kellam, A. M. (2008) · Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)
The Psychomotor Effects Of Brahmi And Caffeine On Healthy Male Volunteers
Chopra, V., Sharma, R. S., Khajuria, V., Sawhney, & Kapoor (2009)
- Authors
- Judelson, D. A., Armstrong, L. E., Sökmen, B., Roti, M. W., Casa, D. J., & Kellogg, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Judelson, Daniel A.
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 629-634
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049106374
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Keywords
- caffeine tolerance, choice reaction time, visual vigilance, mood states, psychomotor performance, cognitive performance, caffeine dose-response, healthy men
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Attention, Caffeine, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Drug Administration Schedule, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reaction Time, Visual Perception
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