Testosterone exposure, dopaminergic reward, and sensation-seeking in young men
Abstract
To test the relationship between androgen exposure, dopaminergic reward and sensation-seeking, we compared variation in salivary testosterone (T), 2D:4D digit ratio, facial masculinity, Zuckerman's sensation-seeking scale (SSS) and the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) genes from 98 young men, between the ages of 18 and 23 years. In univariate analyses, both salivary T and facial masculinity were significantly correlated with the SSS boredom susceptibility subscale, while the presence of the 7-repeat allele (7R+) in the dopamine receptor D4 gene was associated with the SSS thrill and adventure-seeking and overall sensation-seeking. Neither left nor right 2D:4D digit ratio was associated with any sensation-seeking scale. In multivariate models, salivary T and facial masculinity were significant predictors of SSS boredom susceptibility, while 7R+ was a significant predictor of SSS thrill and adventure-seeking. For overall SSS, both 7R+ and salivary T were significant predictors. There was no significant interaction of 7R+ and androgen exposure for SSS or any of the SSS subscales. These results add to earlier reports of an association between T and sensation-seeking. In addition, our results also indicate that genetic variation in DRD4 is independently associated with SSS sensation-seeking.
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Sensation-Seeking may be specifically associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity and with higher testosterone.
“Sensation-Seeking (tendency to seek adventure) may be more specifically associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity (Lopez et al., 2015), as well as related to higher T (Campbell et al., 2010; Daitzman & Zuckerman, 1980; Roberti, 2004).”
From Reproductive steroids and ADHD symptoms across the menstrual cycle (2018) · cites this paper as Campbell et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Campbell, B. C., Dreber, A., Apicella, C. L., Eisenberg, D. T. A., Gray, P. B., Little, A. C., Garcia, J. R., Zamore, R. S., & Lum, J. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- University of Stirling (GB)
- Binghamton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Campbell, Benjamin C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 451-456
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2096620721
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Jan Wallanders och Tom Hedelius Stiftelse samt Tore Browaldhs Stiftelse
- National Science Foundation
- Royal Society
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- testosterone, androgen exposure, sensation seeking, dopaminergic reward, 2D:4D digit ratio, facial masculinity, DRD4 gene, 7-repeat allele, boredom susceptibility, thrill and adventure seeking, young men, salivary testosterone
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Androgens, Dopamine, Face, Fingers, Genotype, Humans, Male, Reward, Risk-Taking, Saliva, Sensation, Testosterone, Minisatellite Repeats, Receptors, Dopamine D4, Young Adult, Masculinity
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