Socioeconomic status mediates the genetic contribution of the dopamine receptor D4 and serotonin transporter linked promoter region repeat polymorphisms to externalization in preadolescence
Abstract
The impact of socioeconomic status (SES) and genetic polymorphisms on individual differences for externalized behaviors have often been investigated separately in studies of children and adults. In a general population sample of 607 Italian preadolescents, we examined the independent and joint effects of SES and the dopamine receptor D4 ( DRD4 ) and serotonin transporter linked promoter region ( 5-HTTLPR ) polymorphisms upon rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors measured with the Child Behavior CheckList/6–18. We found evidence, which was based on both one locus and two-loci genotype analyses, that low SES and DRD4 long and 5-HTTLPR long alleles, both alone and in interaction, are associated with higher aggressive behavior scores. The effects were similar but more modest and limited to one locus genotype analyses for rule-breaking behavior. Consistent with studies that showed the effects of societal moderators on the heritability of externalized behaviors across different segments of the population, we suggest that diminished social constraints associated with low parental SES may act as enhancers of the genetic influence of specific DRD4 and 5-HTTLPR alleles over aggressive behaviors in preadolescence.
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The 5-HTTLPR long allele (L/L genotype) was associated with higher CBCL aggressive behaviors score in 607 Italian children.
“5-HTTLPR long allele (L/L genotype) was associated with higher CBCL aggressive behaviors score in 607 Italian children [77].”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [77]
Interaction between low socioeconomic status and 5-HTTLPR long alleles further demonstrated significant effects on aggressive behaviors.
“Interaction between low socioeconomic status and 5-HTTLPR long alleles further demonstrated significant effects on aggressive behaviors [77].”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [77]
The larger repeat (7 R or 6-8 R) DRD4 alleles were associated with high aggression in an Italian sample, the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, and the Ben-Gurion University Infant Developmental Study.
“The larger repeat (7 R or 6-8 R) alleles were associated with high aggression in an Italian sample [77], the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk study [78], and the Ben-Gurion University Infant Developmental Study [79]”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [77]
A significant DRD4-by-socioeconomic status interaction in high aggression scores has been reported, where 6-8 R carriers with low socioeconomic status had higher aggression scores compared to other comparison groups.
“A significant DRD4-by-socioeconomic status interaction in high aggression scores has been reported, where the 6–8 R carriers with low socioeconomic status had higher aggression scores compared to other comparison groups [77].”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [77]
Some studies failed to report a significant main effect of 5-HTTLPR on aggressive behaviors but demonstrated a significant gene-gene interaction on behavior.
“Although some studies failed to report a significant main effect of 5-HTTLPR on aggressive behaviors, they demonstrated a significant gene-gene interaction on behavior.”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [77]
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Wang, F. L., Chassin, L., Bates, J. E., Dick, D., Lansford, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941700058x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nobile, M., Giorda, R., Marino, C., Carlet, O., Pastore, V., Vanzin, L., Bellina, M., Molteni, M., & Battaglia, M.
- Affiliations
- IRCCS Eugenio Medea (IT)
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Nobile, Maria
- Battaglia, Marco
- ORCID
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1147-1160
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2131409167
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- socioeconomic status, dopamine D4 receptor, externalizing problems, aggression, rule violations, preadolescents, gene-environment interaction, heritability of behavior, social constraints, Child Behavior Checklist
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aggression, Alleles, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Female, Gene Frequency, Genotype, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Italy, Juvenile Delinquency, Genetic Linkage, Male, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Risk Factors, Socialization, Socioeconomic Factors, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Receptors, Dopamine D4
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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