Effects of omega-3 PUFA on the vitamin E and glutathione antioxidant defense system in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis
Open accessAbstract
Background Oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defenses are reported in schizophrenia and are associated with disturbed neurodevelopment, brain structural alterations, glutamatergic imbalance, increased negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment. There is evidence that oxidative stress predates the onset of acute psychotic illness. Here, we investigate the effects of omega-3 PUFA on the vitamin E and glutathione antioxidant defense system (AODS).Method In 64 help-seeking UHR-individuals (13-25 years of age), vitamin E levels and glutathione were investigated before and after 12 weeks of treatment with either 1.2g/d omega-3 (PUFA-E) or saturated fatty acids (SFA-E), with each condition also containing 30.4mg/d alpha-tocopherol to ensure absorption without additional oxidative risk.Results In multivariate tests, the effects on the AODS (alpha-tocopherol, total glutathione) were not significantly different (p=0.13, p=0.11, respectively) between treatment conditions. According to univariate findings, only PUFA-E caused a significant alpha-tocopherol increase, while PUFA-E and SFA-E caused a significant gamma- and delta-tocopherol decrease. Total glutathione (GSHt) was decreased by PUFA-E supplementation.Conclusion Effects of the PUFA-E condition on the vitamin E and glutathione AODS could be mechanisms underlying its clinical effectiveness. In terms of the vitamin E protection system, PUFA-E seems to directly support the antioxidative defense at membrane level. The effect of PUFA-E on GSHt is not yet fully understood, but could reflect antioxidative effects, resulting in decreased demand for glutathione. It is still necessary to further clarify which type of PUFA/antioxidant combination, and in which dose, is effective at each stage of psychotic illness.
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n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce the inflammatory response, limiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators by microglial cells following ischemic insults, and enhance glutathione-related antioxidant pathways.
“Moreover, n-3 PUFAs reduce the inflammatory response, limiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators by microglial cells following ischemic insults, and enhance glutathione-related antioxidant pathways [135, 136].”
From Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? (2016) · cites this paper as [136]
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- Authors
- Smesny, S., Milleit, B., Schaefer, M. R., Hipler, U.-C., Milleit, C., Wiegand, C., Hesse, J., Klier, C. M., Holub, M., Holzer, I., Berk, M., McGorry, P. D., Sauer, H., & Paul Amminger, G.
- Affiliations
- Jena University Hospital (DE)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Barwon Health (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Smesny, Stefan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 101
- Pages
- 15-21
- ISSN
- 0952-3278 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2167449875
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 6.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (566529, 1059660)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Sm 68/3-1)
- Stanley Medical Research Institute (03T-315)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, glutathione, antioxidant defense, oxidative stress, clinical high risk for psychosis, schizophrenia, saturated fatty acids, alpha-tocopherol, tocopherol isomers, glutathione disulfide, dietary supplementation, neuroprotection
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Antioxidants, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fatty Acids, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Psychotic Disorders, Vitamin E, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Multivariate Analysis, Treatment Outcome, alpha-Tocopherol, Young Adult
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