Progress in electrical energy storage system: a critical review
Open accessAbstract
Electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, battery, flow battery, fuel cell, solar fuel, superconducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel, capacitor/supercapacitor, and thermal energy storage. Comparison is made among these technologies in terms of technical characteristics, applications and deployment status.
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The specific investment costs of the total CES system is approximated from 500-3,000 €/kW in literature.
“The specific investment costs of the total CES system is approximated from 500-3,000 €/kW [6,7,36] in literature.”
From Exergy-Based and Economic Evaluation of Liquefaction Processes for Cryogenics Energy Storage (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
The CES row of Table 1, reproduced in the Concluding remarks and perspective section (page not available in our copy), gives a capital cost of $200–300/kW, not €500–3,000/kW. Section 5.4 discusses CES as relatively low-cost but does not give the claimed range. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLiquid air does not require important storage volumes considering its significant energy density compared to that of PHS and CAES.
“Liquid air does not require important storage volumes considering significant energy density compared to that of PHS and CAES ( Chen et al., 2009 ).”
From Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) as a large-scale storage technology for renewable energy integration – A review of investigation studies and near perspectives of LAES (2020) · cites this paper as Chen et al., 2009
Section 4.10.1 describes liquid air as a cryogenic storage medium and gives cryogenic energy storage a relatively high energy density of 100–200 Wh/kg. Section 5.6 places PHS among the lowest-density systems, supporting that comparison, but groups cryogenic storage and CAES together as medium-density systems. The paper does not establish that liquid air requires less storage volume than CAES. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe high exergy density of CES (120-200 kWh/m3) and the absence of geographical constraints remain the technology's greatest advantage.
“The high exergy density of CES (120-200 kWh/m 3 [36])-the absence of geographical constraints-remains the technologies greatest advantage.”
From Exergy-Based and Economic Evaluation of Liquefaction Processes for Cryogenics Energy Storage (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
Section 4.10.1 (page unavailable) describes CES as having relatively high energy density, but gives 100–200 Wh/kg, not the cited 120–200 kWh/m³ exergy density. The citation is attached to the numerical claim, which this passage does not establish. The passage also does not identify freedom from geographical constraints as CES’s greatest advantage. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Chen, H., Cong, T. N., Yang, W., Tan, C., Li, Y., & Ding, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ding, Yulong
- Venue
- Progress in Natural Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 291-312
- ISSN
- 1002-0071 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2017428530
- Cited by
- 3,746
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 148 · 2025: 242 · 2024: 240 · 2023: 297 · 2022: 312 · 2021: 387 · 2020: 361 · 2019: 311 · 2018: 326 · 2017: 293 · 2016: 234 · 2015: 197 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 43.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Progress in Natural Science Materials International (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Power Systems and Renewable Energy
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Integrated Energy Systems Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Keywords
- electrical energy storage, stationary energy storage, pumped storage, compressed air energy storage, batteries, flow batteries, fuel cells, solar fuels, superconducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel energy storage, supercapacitors, thermal energy storage, technology comparison
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