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Cited by 3,869Power Systems and Renewable EnergyIntegrated Energy Systems OptimizationElectric Power System Optimization

Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation

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Luo, Xing, Wang, Jihong, Dooner, Mark, Clarke, Jonathan·2015·Applied Energy
DOI 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.081
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Abstract

Electrical power generation is changing dramatically across the world because of the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to introduce mixed energy sources. The power network faces great challenges in transmission and distribution to meet demand with unpredictable daily and seasonal variations. Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is recognized as underpinning technologies to have great potential in meeting these challenges, whereby energy is stored in a certain state, according to the technology used, and is converted to electrical energy when needed. However, the wide variety of options and complex characteristic matrices make it difficult to appraise a specific EES technology for a particular application. This paper intends to mitigate this problem by providing a comprehensive and clear picture of the state-of-the-art technologies available, and where they would be suited for integration into a power generation and distribution system. The paper starts with an overview of the operation principles, technical and economic performance features and the current research and development of important EES technologies, sorted into six main categories based on the types of energy stored. Following this, a comprehensive comparison and an application potential analysis of the reviewed technologies are presented.

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  • Compared to other energy storage systems, LAES guarantees higher volumetric energy density (214 Wh/kg).

    “Compared to other energy storage systems, LAES guarantees higher volumetric energy density (214 Wh/kg) and no geographical constrains [6].”

    From Recent Trends on Liquid Air Energy Storage: A Bibliometric Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [6]

    The comparison table (Section 4; page unavailable) lists liquid-air storage as having 4–6 times the energy density of CAES at 200 bar and gives a value of 214. It does not establish higher density than all other storage systems, and Wh/kg measures energy per unit mass, not volumetric energy density. Section 3.2 identifies geographical constraints for CAES, but does not explicitly establish their absence for LAES. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The round trip efficiency for LAES is dependent on effective management of heat flux, but can reach values higher than 80% under ideal circumstances.

    “The round trip efficiency for the case of LAES is dependent on the effective management of heat flux, but can reach values higher than 80% under ideal circumstances ( Luo et al., 2015 )”

    From Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) as a large-scale storage technology for renewable energy integration – A review of investigation studies and near perspectives of LAES (2020) · cites this paper as Luo et al., 2015

    The Liquid air Storage row in the comparison table lists a cycle-efficiency range of 55–80+%, which supports the possibility of exceeding 80%. Sections 3.2 and 3.10 describe LAES heat exchangers and thermal-energy conversion, but do not state that its round-trip efficiency depends on effective heat-flux management or specify ideal circumstances for the upper value. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In February 2014, the UK government awarded Highview Ltd. an £8 million grant for a 5MW/15 MWh demonstration plant alongside Viridor's landfill gas generation plant at Pilsworth Landfill facility in Greater Manchester.

    “In February 2014, the UK government awarded Highview Ltd. of a £8 million grant for the realization of a 5MW/15 MWh demonstration plant alongside Viridor's landfill gas generation plant at Pilsworth Landfill facility in Greater Manchester ( Highviewpower, 2017 ;Luo et al., 2015 ).”

    From Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) as a large-scale storage technology for renewable energy integration – A review of investigation studies and near perspectives of LAES (2020) · cites this paper as Luo et al., 2015

    The passage on demonstration projects (page unavailable) says Highview Power Storage received £8 million from the UK government in February 2014 for a 5 MW/15 MWh LAES project alongside a landfill gas generation plant in the UK. It does not identify the plant as Viridor’s or locate it at Pilsworth Landfill in Greater Manchester. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • EES systems may provide peak shaving, load shifting and support the realization of smart grids.

    “EES systems may also provide other useful services such as peak shaving, load shifting and supporting the realization of smart grids ( Luo et al., 2015 ).”

    From Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) as a large-scale storage technology for renewable energy integration – A review of investigation studies and near perspectives of LAES (2020) · cites this paper as Luo et al., 2015

  • Electrical Energy Storage is viewed as one potential way to support integration of variable renewable energy sources.

    “Consequently, the use of Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is viewed as one potential way to support integration of variable RES ( Luo et al., 2015 ).”

    From Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) as a large-scale storage technology for renewable energy integration – A review of investigation studies and near perspectives of LAES (2020) · cites this paper as Luo et al., 2015

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Sorted by citations

Authors
Luo, X., Wang, J., Dooner, M., & Clarke, J.
Affiliations
University of Warwick (GB)
Corresponding author
Luo, Xing
ORCID
Venue
Applied Energy
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-01
Volume
137
Pages
511-536
ISSN
0306-2619 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.081
OpenAlex
W2063866856
Cited by
3,869
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 304 · 2025: 364 · 2024: 297 · 2023: 324 · 2022: 374 · 2021: 421 · 2020: 407 · 2019: 430 · 2018: 409 · 2017: 322 · 2016: 165 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
FWCI
114.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Applied Energy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (acceptedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Advantage West Midlands
  • Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/K002228/1, EP/K002228)
  • European Regional Development Fund
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Power Systems and Renewable Energy
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Integrated Energy Systems Optimization
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Power System Optimization
Keywords
electrical energy storage, energy storage systems, power system operation, energy storage technology comparison, energy storage economics, energy storage performance, renewable energy integration

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