The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 63 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy
Open accessAbstract
This article reviews the current state of empirical research on the purported " new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). A particular emphasis is given to mindfulness-based treatments and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Mindfulness-based approaches and ACT are evaluated with regard to their efficacy and comparison with traditional CBT. Deviations from CBT are explained within the context of theory, specifically in terms of the role of cognitions. These differences, however, are not irreconcilable in requiring a separate classification of " new wave" treatments. While subtle and important differences on the theoretical and procedural level might exist, available data do not favor one treatment over another, and do not suggest differential mechanisms of action that warrant a dramatic separation from the CBT family of approaches. Instead, the " new wave" treatments are consistent with the CBT approach, which refers to a family of interventions rather than a single treatment. Thus, the term " new wave" is potentially misleading because it is not an accurate reflection of the contemporary literature. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
18 No full text of the sources · 15 Own interpretation · 7 Sources not found · 6 Supported · 6 Not checked yet · 5 No basis given · 4 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Not supported · 1 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“These effect sizes are significantly greater than the effect sizes of psychological placebo conditions in anxiety disorder trials (Hedges’s g = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.35 – 0.46) as determined in a previous meta-analytic review [41].”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [41] Hofmann, 2008, Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials, J Clin Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) assign g = 0.45 to CBT’s advantage over placebo on depressive symptoms, with a 95% CI of 0.25–0.65. They do not identify it as the effect size of psychological placebo conditions in anxiety trials; the reported confidence interval also differs from the cited 0.35–0.46. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and depression (Hedges’s g = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.51 – 0.66) in clinical samples.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [40] Hofmann, 2010, The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review, J Consult Clin Psychol source
The Results report a pooled pre-to-post-treatment effect of Hedges’ g = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.51–0.66) for reducing depressive symptoms. The Methods specify that included studies used clinical samples with diagnosable psychological or medical disorders. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Numerous studies to date have provided support for this model in a variety of psychiatric disorders including panic disorder [24], social anxiety disorder [25, 26], obsessive-compulsive disorder [27], depression [28, 29], and pain [30].”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > CBT: A Family of Approaches
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] Hofmann, 2007, Preliminary evidence for cognitive mediation during cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that changes in cognitions mediated the effect of CBT on panic severity in eight of nine tests involving CBT. This supports the panic-disorder part of the citing sentence; the other disorders are attributed to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Hofmann, 2004, Changes in self-perception during treatment of social phobia, J Consult Clin Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Smits, 2006, Cognitive mechanisms of social anxiety reduction: an examination of specificity and temporality, J Consult Clin Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Moore, 2007, The cognitive mediation of thought-control strategies, Behav Res Ther source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A total of 39 studies (n = 1,140) were included in the meta-analysis, and effect size estimates suggested that mindfulness-based interventions were moderately effective at reducing symptoms of anxiety (Hedges’s g = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.53 – 0.73)”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [40] Hofmann, 2010, The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review, J Consult Clin Psychol source
The Background/Review Methods report 39 studies with 1,140 participants, and Methods/Selection specifies clinical samples. Results/Quantitative Data Synthesis gives the stated anxiety effect and confidence interval; it is a pre-to-post-treatment estimate. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirectn = 1,140- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and for reducing depressive symptoms among patients with mood disorders (Hedges’s g = 0.5).”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [40] Hofmann, 2010, The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that mindfulness-based therapy reduced depressive symptoms most strongly in patients diagnosed with depression, but give Hedges’s g = 0.95 for that group, not 0.5. The g = 0.50 figure in the Results is an adjusted estimate for depression across the overall sample, not for patients with mood disorders. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mindfulness-based interventions proved most effective for reducing anxiety symptoms among patients with anxiety disorders (Hedges’s g = 0.97)”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [40] Hofmann, 2010, The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review, J Consult Clin Psychol source
The Results report the largest pre-to-post reduction in anxiety symptoms for individuals with anxiety disorders: Hedges’ g = 0.97 across seven studies, followed by smaller effects in the other groups listed. This supports the cited comparison. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Comparison to Traditional CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Gross, 1998, Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology, J Pers Soc Psychol source
- Partly supportedcites [66] Gross, 2002, Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences, Psychophysiology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “A Process Model of Emotion Regulation” (p. 2), Gross distinguishes antecedent-focused from response-focused strategies by when they act in the emotion-generative process. The passage does not base that distinction on differential processing of internal and external emotional cues. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Gross, 2003, Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being, J Pers Soc Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Gross, 1997, Hiding feelings: the acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion, J Abnorm Psychol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“available data do not favor one treatment over another”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion and Future Research Directions · plain
“As empirical data do not yet favor one treatment over another, further testing is needed.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion and Future Research Directions · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“do not suggest differential mechanisms of action that warrants a dramatic separation from the CBT family of approaches.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Results indicated that ACT outperformed control conditions (Hedges’s g = 0.42), but was not significantly more effective than established treatments (Hedges’s g = 0.18, p > 0.1).”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Powers, 2009, Acceptance and commitment therapy: a meta-analytic review, Psychother Psychosom source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This results in a theoretical discrepancy between ACT and CBT, whereby the focus in ACT is to identify and alter the function of the cognition, rather than both the content and function as in CBT.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Comparison to Traditional CBT
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] Hayes, 2006, Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes, and outcomes, Behav Res Ther sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ACT theoretical roots section (p. 5) supports focusing on the functions of cognitions rather than primarily on their content. The discussion of traditional CBT (p. 3) describes direct cognitive change and attention to patterns of thought, but does not establish that CBT focuses on both content and function as the claim says. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“mindfulness-based interventions have also been applied as an acute treatment for a variety of psychiatric disorders including generalized anxiety disorder [43, 44], panic disorder [45–47], social anxiety disorder [48, 49], and depression [50–53]”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Comparison to Traditional CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Craigie, 2008, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary evaluation, Behav Cogn Psychother source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Evans, 2008, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder, J Anxiety Disord source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Kabat-Zinn, 1992, Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders, Am J Psychiatry source
- Partly supportedcites [46] Kim, 2009, Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy in patients with panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder, Depress Anxiety sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Assessments section describes an eight-week MBCT program for patients with panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder, supporting its application as a treatment for those conditions. The Subjects section says participants had received more than six months of pharmacotherapy and that their acute symptoms had stabilized before MBCT began; this study therefore does not support calling it an acute treatment. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] Lee, 2007, Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress management program as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in patients with anxiety disorder, J Psychosom Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Bögels, 2006, Mindfulness and task concentration training for social phobia: a pilot study, J Cogn Psychother source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Koszycki, 2007, Randomized trial of a meditation-based stress reduction program and cognitive behavior therapy in generalized social anxiety disorder, Behav Res Ther source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These techniques are believed to work by increasing one’s psychological flexibility, which refers to the ability to adopt an awareness of the present moment while concurrently adapting this awareness in light of meeting valued goals [1].”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Approach
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Hayes, 2006, Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes, and outcomes, Behav Res Ther source
The “Six core processes of ACT” section (p. 7) says ACT aims to increase psychological flexibility, defined as contacting the present moment fully and changing or persisting in behavior when doing so serves valued ends. This supports the citing sentence’s account of how ACT techniques are believed to work. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“cognitive change can occur through means other than explicitly challenging maladaptive cognitions; cognitions can mediate treatment change even when cognitions are not explicitly addressed in treatment.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > CBT: A Family of Approaches
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] Hofmann, 2008, Cognitive processes during fear acquisition and extinction in animals and humans: implications for exposure therapy of anxiety disorders, Clin Psychol Rev source
The review states that exposure without explicit cognitive intervention produces cognitive changes and that its effects are mediated through changes in cognitions (passages 1 and 4; section and page not provided). It also says repeated exposure changes harm expectancy with or without explicit cognitive strategies (passage 6). (LLM, conf=0.92)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Specifically, ACT views cognitions as a form of behavior, which is “a term for all forms of psychological activity, both public and private, including cognition” [1, p. 2].”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Comparison to Traditional CBT
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Hayes, 2006, Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes, and outcomes, Behav Res Ther source
In “How behavior therapy weakened its link to basic principles” (p. 2), the paper explicitly defines behavior to include all psychological activity, including cognition. That directly supports the paraphrase and the quoted definition. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
In the paper
“Furthermore, the 13 ACT studies included in this review differed greatly with regard to the type of comparison group used—whether it was a control group (i.e., treatment as usual) or an active treatment (e.g., cognitive therapy). The studies also varied widely in the disorders that were treated, ranging from math anxiety and depression to epilepsy, diabetes, and psychosis.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Öst, 2008, Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Behav Res Ther source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These findings, however, are tempered by additional results showing that the methodological rigor of the third-wave RCTs was significantly less stringent than the CBT studies, based on several sample, design, and therapist characteristics, such as representativeness of the sample, reliability of the diagnosis, therapist adherence and competence, and handling of attrition. This remained true even”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Öst, 2008, Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Behav Res Ther source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CBT should be thought of as a family of interventions rather than as one single treatment.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > CBT: A Family of Approaches
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10] Hofmann SG, Asmundson GJ. The science of cognitive behavioral therapy. Behav Ther, in press.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Ellis, 1980, Rational-emotive therapy and cognitive behavior therapy: similarities and differences, Cognit Ther Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Beck’s content-specificity hypothesis states that each emotional disorder can be characterized by cognitive content specific to that disorder [18].”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > CBT: A Family of Approaches
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18] Beck, 1976
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a major similarity across protocols is the assumption that maladaptive cognitions are causally linked to emotional distress, and therefore, by modifying cognitions emotional distress and maladaptive behaviors will decrease.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > CBT: A Family of Approaches
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10] Hofmann SG, Asmundson GJ. The science of cognitive behavioral therapy. Behav Ther, in press.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Ellis, 1980, Rational-emotive therapy and cognitive behavior therapy: similarities and differences, Cognit Ther Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Maladaptive cognitions causally contribute to emotional distress, and altering them reduces distress and maladaptive behavior.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these differences are not irreconcilable in requiring a separate classification of “new wave” treatments.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“the researchers responsible for developing DBT and MCT posit that their treatments are not part of the “third wave” movement, but rather are firmly grounded in the traditional CBT approach.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites personal communication, August 23, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites personal communication, August 28, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these studies strongly suggest that changes in cognitions mediate treatment change, future studies that employ strict statistical tests are needed to conclusively demonstrate mediation.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > CBT: A Family of Approaches
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, the target of change in CBT is often (but not exclusively) the content of such cognitions.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Conclusion and Future Research Directions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Mindfulness-based interventions are believed to counter experiential avoidance strategies that maintain and exacerbate emotional disorders”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Overview
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Bishop, 2004, Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition, Clin Psychol source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT is a family of interventions that attempts to modify maladaptive cognitions in order to improve a patient’s emotion regulation, goal setting, and ability to make more adaptive appraisals of social situations.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Conclusion and Future Research Directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although ACT and CBT differ fundamentally in terms of their theoretical underpinnings, they share many similarities with regard to technique.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Approach
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, mindfulness-based treatments and ACT focus on the function of thoughts and promote emotion regulation strategies that counter experiential avoidance.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Conclusion and Future Research Directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another therapy that extends from the CBT framework while integrating mindfulness-based techniques is DBT, a form of therapy that is typically used to treat borderline personality disorder [56].”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Comparison to Traditional CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Linehan, 1991, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically suicidal borderline patients, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The basic premise of CBT is that cognitions play an important role in the maintenance of an emotional disorder, primarily through its causal influence on one’s emotions and behaviors.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Conclusion and Future Research Directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Maladaptive cognitions causally contribute to emotional distress, and altering them reduces distress and maladaptive behavior.
In the paper
“the set of techniques used in ACT (known as acceptance, cognitive defusion, being present, self as context, values, and committed action) are intended to target experiential avoidance, which is the reluctance to experience negative emotions, physical sensations, and thoughts [61].”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] Hayes, 2004, DBT, FAP and ACT: how empirically oriented are the new behavior therapy technologies?, Behav Ther source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Therefore, ACT is not an extension of the CBT model, but is rather a reformulation of Skinnerian radical behaviorism [61], as it rejects the tripartite model and its basic premise of the causative interplay between cognitions, behaviors, and emotions.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Approach
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] Hayes, 2004, DBT, FAP and ACT: how empirically oriented are the new behavior therapy technologies?, Behav Ther source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mindfulness-based treatments emphasize achieving a mental state characterized by present-moment focus and non-judgmental awareness [31–34].”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Overview
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Bishop, 2004, Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition, Clin Psychol source
- Not matchedcites [32] Kabat-Zinn, 2003, Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future, Clin Psychol
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Melbourne Academic Mindfulness Interest Group, 2006, Mindfulness-based psychotherapies: a review of conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and practical considerations, Aust N Z J Psychiatry source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Teasdale, 2000, Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, J Consult Clin Psychol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“By employing both mindfulness and cognitive techniques, MBCT encourages patients to increase their awareness of and break free from this self-perpetuating cycle.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Comparison to Traditional CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Teasdale, 1988, Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression, Cogn Emot source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The main cause of depression relapse is that patients link negative mood with self-critical and hopeless thoughts, leading to maladaptive thinking that intensifies dysphoria and raises risk of future episodes.
In the paper
“The first meta-analysis [3] included 29 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in various third wave treatments: 13 in ACT, 13 in DBT, one in Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy, and two in Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy. The results revealed a moderate effect size for the ACT trials (d = 0.68), with a fail-safe analysis indicating that 65 unpublished ACT studies would be re”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Öst, 2008, Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Behav Res Ther source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“both ACT and CBT utilize behavioral strategies, such as exposure exercises, problem solving skills, role playing, modelling, and homework, while setting clear and observable goals. In addition, both therapies encourage greater awareness of thoughts, feelings, and sensations without attempting to control or hold onto them. Finally, both approaches target specific concerns and fears, as well as”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Comparison to Traditional CBT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The concept of “decentering” is closely related to “distancing” in traditional CBT.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Comparison to Traditional CBT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“RFT extends from a philosophical view called functional contextualism [59, 60], which uses a behavioral analytic model to integrate cognition and language.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] Gifford, 1993, Functional contextualism: a pragmatic philosophy for behavioral science
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60] Pepper, 1942
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although mindfulness-based treatments and CBT interventions are closely related, subtle and important differences exist.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Comparison to Traditional CBT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“ACT derives its theoretical basis from Relational Frame Theory (RFT) [58], which is a framework for understanding the relationship between cognition and language.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] Hayes, 2001, Relational frame theory: a post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition, New York: Kluwer Academic;
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT tends to promote strong antecedent-focused emotion regulation skills and ACT primarily targets maladaptive response-focused strategies.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Comparison to Traditional CBT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was initially developed to prevent relapse among patients recovered from depression [5].”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Mindfulness-Based Treatments > Comparison to Traditional CBT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] Segal, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to answer the important questions about the mechanism of treatment changes, mediational analyses are essential because they cannot be replaced by efficacy studies or component analyses.”
§ The Empirical Status of the “New Wave” of CBT > Conclusion and Future Research Directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Maladaptive cognitions causally contribute to emotional distress, and altering them reduces distress and maladaptive behavior.
“a major similarity across protocols is the assumption that maladaptive cognitions are causally linked to emotional distress, and therefore, by modifying cognitions emotional distress and maladaptive behaviors will decrease.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The main cause of depression relapse is that patients link negative mood with self-critical and hopeless thoughts, leading to maladaptive thinking that intensifies dysphoria and raises risk of future episodes.
“It is assumed that the main reason for relapse is that patients associate negative mood states with self-deprecating and hopeless cognitions. Therefore, patients react to dysphoria by reverting back to maladaptive thinking patterns, which in turn maintain and intensify their dysphoric mood state and subsequently increase the risk of future major depressive episodes [42].”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) are examples of evidence-based interventions addressing these factors and improving psychosocial outcomes [35-38].”
From Risk and Protective Factors of Psychosocial Functioning in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Results of the DCCSS-LATER Study (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Beyond traditional CBT, third-wave behavioral therapies, including acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), metacognitive therapy, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy [176,177], offer promising avenues for increasing resilience to uncertainty [176].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [177]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The fact that acceptance may be improved despite not being an explicit treatment target, may explain why Hofmann et al. observed that acceptance-orientated treatments (ACT and Mindfulness) do not result in better results than cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) [66].”
From Cognitive behavior therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: The role of illness acceptance and neuroticism. (2013) · cites this paper as [66]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Interventions targeting acceptance may be consistent with and complementary to a CBT approach [66].”
From Cognitive behavior therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: The role of illness acceptance and neuroticism. (2013) · cites this paper as [66]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Hofmann et al. observed that acceptance-orientated treatments (ACT and Mindfulness) do not result in better results than cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) [66].”
From Cognitive behavior therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: The role of illness acceptance and neuroticism. (2013) · cites this paper as [66]
Citations
Cites
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 · Cited by 8,615 · cited 3×
“Mindful meditation also decreases physical symptoms of distress by balancing sympathetic and parasympathetic responses through meditation exercises such as slow and deep breathing.(32) In the case of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR),(35) alleviation of physical distress is achieved through techniques such as…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016 · Cited by 8,612
(1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,245
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006 · Cited by 6,587 · cited 2×
“This change in functionality is achieved through a variety of approaches including acceptance, cognitive defusion, and mindfulness.(1) Hayes considers several interventions to fall under the category of ‘‘new wave’’ treatments, including acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT),(1) dialectical behavior therapy (DBT),(4…”
BackgroundEmotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Gross, J. J. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577201393198 · Cited by 4,890
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671
Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review
Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg015 · Cited by 4,577 · cited 4×
“Therefore, because ‘‘new wave’’ treatments are fundamentally related to CBT and share several therapeutic principles, we do not see the need to adopt a separate classification for these interventions, and in fact are in favor of abandoning the term ‘‘new wave’’ entirely (see Refs.7–9 for a detailed discussion on this…”
BackgroundInfluentialMindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review.
Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg015 · Cited by 4,576
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3 · Cited by 4,255
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00573-7 · Cited by 3,958
The effect of mindfulness based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta analytic review
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018555 · Cited by 3,846 · cited 4×
“Therefore, because ‘‘new wave’’ treatments are fundamentally related to CBT and share several therapeutic principles, we do not see the need to adopt a separate classification for these interventions, and in fact are in favor of abandoning the term ‘‘new wave’’ entirely (see Refs.7–9 for a detailed discussion on this…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation(2001) · Cited by 3,666
Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.615 · Cited by 3,236 · cited 1×
“not necessarily reflect the self or reality.(34) The concept of ‘‘decentering’’ is closely related to ‘‘distancing’’ in traditional CBT.”
Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders
Ince, L. P. (1977) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1977.31.4.633 · Cited by 2,889
A cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701
Hayes, S. C. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80013-3 · Cited by 2,493
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,491
Clark, D. M. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90011-2 · Cited by 2,422
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients
Linehan, M. M. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810360024003 · Cited by 2,203
Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain
Price, D. D. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1769 · Cited by 2,092 · cited 1×
“Numerous studies to date have provided support for this model in a variety of psychiatric disorders including panic disorder,(24) social anxiety disorder,(25,26) obsessive-compulsive disorder,(27) depression,(28,29) and pain.(30) Although these studies strongly suggest that changes in cognitions mediate treatment chan…”
Relational frame theory: a post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition
Barnes‐Holmes, Y., Hayes, S. C., Barnes‐Holmes, D., & Roche, B. T. (2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-2482 · Cited by 1,975 · cited 1×
“This analysis included 3 studies not included in the previous review.(58) Results indicated that ACT outperformed control conditions (Hedges’ g 5 0.”
MethodEffectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders
(1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.7.936 · Cited by 1,941
Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis
Salkovskis, P. M. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90105-6 · Cited by 1,842
Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.95 · Cited by 1,834
Hoffman, S. G., & Smits, J. A. J. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0415 · Cited by 1,420
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2003) · Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2003.tb04008.x · Cited by 1,394
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse
Morgan, D. (2003) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/713869628 · Cited by 1,307
Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment
Amada, G. (1996) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1996.50.3.373 · Cited by 1,248
Social phobia : diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
Heimberg, R. G. (1995) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 1,067
Cognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy
Beck, A. T. (1970) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(70)80030-2 · Cited by 863 · cited 1×
“As Beck has previously described, distancing refers to the process of gaining objectivity toward thoughts.(57) Specifically,”
BackgroundCognitive vulnerability to persistent depression
Teasdale, J. D. (1988) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938808410927 · Cited by 798 · cited 1×
“Therefore, patients react to dysphoria by reverting back to maladaptive thinking patterns, which in turn maintain and intensify their dysphoric mood state and subsequently increase the risk of future major depressive episodes.(42) By employing both mindfulness and cognitive techniques, MBCT encourages patients to incr…”
BackgroundHayes, S. C. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.006 · Cited by 785
What Do We Really Know About Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction?
Bishop, S. R. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200201000-00010 · Cited by 748
Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: A systematic review and meta- analysis
Öst, L.-G. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.12.005 · Cited by 727 · cited 2×
“Two major meta-analyses have examined the efficacy of ACT.3,62 The first meta-analysis3 included 29 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in various third-wave treatments: 13 in ACT, 13 in DBT, 1 in Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy, and 2 in Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy.”
BackgroundCognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: development and evaluation
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennell, M. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.006 · Cited by 703
Acceptance and mindfulness-based therapy: New wave or old hat?
Hofmann, S. G., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.003 · Cited by 665 · cited 1×
“ACT and traditional CBT overlap to a large extent in shared techniques and strategies, particularly with respect to the use of behavioral interventions.(7) For example, both ACT and CBT use behavioral strategies, such as exposure exercises, problemsolving skills, role playing, modeling, and homework, while setting cle…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAcceptance and commitment therapy: A meta-analytic review
Powers, M. B., Zum Vörde Sive Vörding, M. B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2009) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000190790 · Cited by 619 · cited 2×
“Two major meta-analyses have examined the efficacy of ACT.3,62 The first meta-analysis3 included 29 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in various third-wave treatments: 13 in ACT, 13 in DBT, 1 in Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy, and 2 in Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy.”
BackgroundWORLD HYPOTHESES: A study in evidence
(1961) · Philosophical Books · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0149.1961.tb01285.x · Cited by 587
Ramel1, W., Goldin, P. R., Carmona, P. E., & McQuaid, J. R. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000045557.15923.96 · Cited by 580
World Hypotheses. A Study in Evidence.
Parker, D. W. H., & Pepper, S. C. (1942) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2017382 · Cited by 574
Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., McManus, F., Hackmann, A., Fennell, M., Campbell, H., Flower, T., Davenport, C., & Louis, B. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.6.1058 · Cited by 561
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C., & Haglin, D. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.005 · Cited by 559
Do we need to challenge thoughts in cognitive behavior therapy?
Longmore, R. J., & Worrell, M. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.001 · Cited by 499
Mindfulness‐based stress reduction and cancer: a meta‐analysis
Ledesma, D., & Kumano, H. (2009) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1400 · Cited by 491
Hofmann, S. G. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.009 · Cited by 397
Self-citationMindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic depression: A preliminary study
Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hargus, E., Amarasinghe, M., Winder, R., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.019 · Cited by 396
Melbourne Academic Mindfulness Interest Group, & Melbourne Academic Mindfulness Interest Group (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01794.x · Cited by 382
The Science of Cognitive Therapy
Hofmann, S. G., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Beck, A. T. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.01.007 · Cited by 366
Self-citationMelbourne Academic Mindfulness Interest Group* (2006) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01794.x · Cited by 353
DBT, FAP, and ACT: How empirically oriented are the new behavior therapy technologies?
Hayes, S. C., Masuda, A., Bissett, R., Luoma, J., & Guerrero, L. F. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80003-0 · Cited by 342
Williams, J. M. G., Alatiq, Y., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Fennell, M. J. V., Duggan, D. S., Hepburn, S., & Goodwin, G. M. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.022 · Cited by 327
Brief cognitive therapy for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial.
Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., Ludgate, J., & Gelder, M. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.4.583 · Cited by 324
(2001) · Cited by 323
Koszycki, D., Benger, M., Shlik, J., & Bradwejn, J. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.011 · Cited by 321
Does mindfulness meditation improve anxiety and mood symptoms? a review of the controlled research
Toneatto, T., & Nguyen, L. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705200409 · Cited by 313 · cited 1×
“Two additional reviews examined the effect of mindfulnessbased interventions on the reduction of symptoms of anxiety and depression, and arrived at disparate conclusions.(36,39)”
BackgroundMindfulness‐based cognitive therapy for residual depressive symptoms
Kingston, T., Dooley, B. A., Bates, A., Lawlor, E., & Malone, K. M. (2006) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608306x116016 · Cited by 302
Tang, T. Z., DeRubeis, R. J., Beberman, R., & Pham, T. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.1.168 · Cited by 296
Yoga and Mindfulness: Clinical Aspects of an Ancient Mind/Body Practice
Salmon, P. M., Cash, E. D., Jablonski, M. E., & Sephton, S. E. (2008) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.07.002 · Cited by 295 · cited 3×
“Therefore, because ‘‘new wave’’ treatments are fundamentally related to CBT and share several therapeutic principles, we do not see the need to adopt a separate classification for these interventions, and in fact are in favor of abandoning the term ‘‘new wave’’ entirely (see Refs.7–9 for a detailed discussion on this…”
BackgroundMetacognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: An open trial
Wells, A., & King, P. (2006) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.07.002 · Cited by 254
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive thoughts: a controlled study
Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Gagnon, F., Thibodeau, N., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., & Bujold, A. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.3.405 · Cited by 234
Kim, Y. W., Lee, S.-H., Choi, T. K., Suh, S. Y., Kim, B., Kim, C. M., Cho, S. J., Kim, M. J., Yook, K., Ryu, M., et al. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20552 · Cited by 218
A Cognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Adrian Wells, A. (1999) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445599234002 · Cited by 191 · cited 2×
“By contrast, social anxiety is characterized by self-focused cognitions and scrutiny coupled with a fear of embarrassment and humiliation,(20) whereas generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder are characterized by excessive obsessions(21) or worry about future undesirable events or the consequence…”
BackgroundRational-emotive therapy and cognitive behavior therapy: similarities and differences
Ellis, A. (1980) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01178210 · Cited by 182 · cited 1×
“each of these protocols uses distinct therapeutic techniques, all CBT protocols share several important similarities.(10,11) Therefore, as noted above, CBT should be thought of as a family of interventions rather than as one single treatment.”
MethodCognitive mechanisms of social anxiety reduction: an examination of specificity and temporality
Smits, J. A. J., Rosenfield, D., McDonald, R., & Telch, M. J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.6.1203 · Cited by 138
Cognitive‐Behavioral Treatment for Severe and Persistent Health Anxiety (Hypochondriasis)
Salkovskis, P. M., Warwick, H. M. C., & Deale, A. C. (2003) · Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention · doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhg026 · Cited by 132
Preliminary evidence for cognitive mediation during cognitive-behavioral therapy of panic disorder.
Hofmann, S. G., Meuret, A. E., Rosenfield, D., Suvak, M. K., Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., & Woods, S. W. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.3.374 · Cited by 127
Self-citationLee, S. H., Ahn, S. C., Lee, Y. J., Choi, T. K., Yook, K. H., & Suh, S. Y. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.09.009 · Cited by 126
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary evaluation
Craigie, M. A., Rees, C. S., Marsh, A., & Nathan, P. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246580800458x · Cited by 125
Changes in self-perception during treatment of social phobia
Hofmann, S. G., Moscovitch, D. A., Kim, H.-J., & Taylor, A. N. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.4.588 · Cited by 95
Self-citationMindfulness and task concentration training for social phobia: a pilot study
Bögels, S. M., Sijbers, G. F. V. M., & Voncken, M. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.20.1.33 · Cited by 94
Gifford, E. V., & Hayes, S. C. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012524190-8/50012-7 · Cited by 78
O’Donohue, W., & Kitchener, R. F. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-524190-8.x5000-1 · Cited by 70
Common misconceptions about cognitive mediation of treatment change: A commentary to
Hofmann, S. G. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.003 · Cited by 62
Self-citationGaudiano, B. A. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.020 · Cited by 59
O’Donohue, W., & Kitchener, R. F. (1999) · Cited by 59
The cognitive mediation of thought-control strategies
Moore, E. L., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.013 · Cited by 56
The science of cognitive behavioral therapy.
Hofmann, S. G., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2017) · Cited by 55
Self-citationCognitive mediation of childhood maltreatment and adult depression in recent crime victims
Kaysen, D. L., Scher, C. D., Mastnak, J., & Resick, P. A. (2005) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80072-3 · Cited by 46
Hassed, C. S., Gullone, E., McNab, C., & Meadows, G. N. (2006) · Cited by 22
Öst, L.-G. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.024 · Cited by 12
Linehan, P. (1993) · History and the Historians of Medieval Spain · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198219453.003.0003
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hofmann, 2008, ACT: new wave or Morita therapy?, Clin Psychol, 15, 280
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways
Milad, M. R., & Rauch, S. L. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.003 · Cited by 847
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression
Hofmann, S. G., & Gómez, A. F. (2017) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.008 · Cited by 756
“29,30 Mindfulness and acceptance strategies are consistent with general CBT principles, because they target core processes, such as increased emotional awareness and regulation, cognitive flexibility, and goals-based behaviors.”
Self-citationGotink, R. A., Chu, P., Busschbach, J. J. V., Benson, H., Fricchione, G. L., & Hunink, M. G. M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124344 · Cited by 539
RetractedA multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: diagnostics, assessment, and treatment
Cima, R. F. F., Mazurek, B., Haider, H., Kikidis, D., Lapira, A., Noreña, A., & Hoare, D. J. (2019) · HNO · doi:10.1007/s00106-019-0633-7 · Cited by 442
Improving sleep with mindfulness and acceptance: a metacognitive model of insomnia
Ong, J. C., Ulmer, C. S., & Manber, R. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.08.001 · Cited by 376
Metadata
- Authors
- Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 701-710
- ISSN
- 0193-953X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2898899
- OpenAlex
- W2107518217
- Semantic Scholar
- 4be936d6a9c839ac5e2985c7e41c590716fbcaaa
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH078308, R01MH081116)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, acceptance and commitment therapy, treatment efficacy, mechanism of action
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Psychological Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
