Brief cognitive therapy for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial.
Abstract
Cognitive therapy (CT) is a specific and highly effective treatment for panic disorder (PD). Treatment normally involves 12-15 1-hr sessions. In an attempt to produce a more cost-effective version, a briefer treatment that made extensive use of between-sessions patient self-study modules was created. Forty-three PD patients were randomly allocated to full CT (FCT), brief CT (BCT), or a 3-month wait list. FCT and BCT were superior to wait list on all measures, and the gains obtained in treatment were maintained at 12-month follow-up. There were no significant differences between FCT and BCT. Both treatments had large (approximately 3.0) and essentially identical effect sizes. BCT required 6.5 hr of therapist time, including booster sessions. Patients' initial expectation of therapy success was negatively correlated with posttreatment panic-anxiety. Cognitive measures at the end of treatment predicted panic-anxiety at 12-month follow-up.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous research has demonstrated that brief treatments of three to five sessions can lead to drastic improvements in panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and GAD.
“Previous research has demonstrated that brief treatments consisting of as little as three to five sessions can lead to drastic improvements in several anxiety disorders including panic disorder (Clark et al., 1999;Otto et al., 2012), social anxiety disorder (Gallagher et al., 2004), and GAD (Hunot et al., 2007).”
From Treatment histories, barriers, and preferences for individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Clark et al., 1999
Cites
One-session treatment for specific phobias
Öst, L.-G. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90113-7 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Van Ameringen, M., & the Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
The psychotherapy dose-response effect and its implications for treatment delivery services.
Hansen, N. B., Lambert, M. J., & Forman, E. M. (2002) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.3.329 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
A Meta-Analytic Review of Adult Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Outcome Across the Anxiety Disorders
Norton, P. J., & Price, E. C. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Using the Internet to provide cognitive behaviour therapy
Andersson, G. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.010 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Karyotaki, E., Reijnders, M., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20346 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., McManus, F., Hackmann, A., Fennell, M., Campbell, H., Flower, T., Davenport, C., & Louis, B. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.6.1058 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Self-citationFisher, P. L., & Wells, A. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.007 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Gaps in accessing treatment for anxiety and depression: challenges for the delivery of care
Collins, K. A., Westra, H. A., Dozois, D. J. A., & Burns, D. D. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.001 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Cape, J., Whittington, C., Buszewicz, M., Wallace, P., & Underwood, L. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-38 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Stiles, W. B., Barkham, M., Mellor-Clark, J., & Connell, J. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001511 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Psychological treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: A meta-analysis
Sánchez-Meca, J., Rosa-Alcázar, A. I., Marín-Martínez, F., & Gómez-Conesa, A. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.011 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Turner, J. A., Mancl, L., & Aaron, L. A. (2006) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.11.017 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Treatment of panic disorder via the internet: A randomized trial of a self-help program
Carlbring, P., Westling, B. E., Ljungstrand, P., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80019-8 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Carlbring, P., Bohman, S., Brunt, S., Buhrman, M., Westling, B. E., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2119 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Andrews, G., Bell, C., Boyce, P., Gale, C., Lampe, L., Marwat, O., Rapee, R., & Wilkins, G. (2018) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867418799453 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Smits, J. A. J., Berry, A. C., Tart, C. D., & Powers, M. B. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.06.010 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2010) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.006 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Harvey, A. G., Bélanger, L., Talbot, L., Eidelman, P., Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., Fortier-Brochu, É., Ivers, H., Lamy, M., Hein, K., Soehner, A. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036606 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Feedback of end-tidal pCO2 as a therapeutic approach for panic disorder
Meuret, A. E., Wilhelm, F. H., Ritz, T., & Roth, W. T. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.06.005 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Cognitive behaviour therapy for primary insomnia: Can we rest yet?
Harvey, A. G., & Tang, N. K. Y. (2003) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0266 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Kenardy, J. A., Dow, M. G. T., Johnston, D. W., Newman, M. G., Thomson, A., & Taylor, C. B. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.6.1068 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Pompoli, A., Furukawa, T. A., Imai, H., Tajika, A., Efthimiou, O., & Salanti, G. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011004.pub2 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Meuret, A. E., Rosenfield, D., Seidel, A., Bhaskara, L., & Hofmann, S. G. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019552 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
McEvoy, P. M., & Nathan, P. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.2.344 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Hofmann, S. G., Ellard, K. K., & Siegle, G. J. (2012) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.579414 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Clark, D. M. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.05.002 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationCuijpers, P., Gentili, C., Banos, R. M., Garcia-Campayo, J., Botella, C., & Cristea, I. A. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.003 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the influence of comorbidity on treatment outcome in the anxiety disorders
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.008 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Automatic associations and panic disorder: Trajectories of change over the course of treatment.
Teachman, B. A., Marker, C. D., & Smith-Janik, S. B. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013113 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“For instance, Clark and colleagues found that a measure of interpretation bias was reduced following cognitive therapy (Clark et al., 1997). Similarly, Poulton and Andrews (1996) found that appraisals of physical danger and loss of control were diminished following CBT.”
InfluentialWolitzky-Taylor, K., Zimmermann, M., Arch, J. J., De Guzman, E., & Lagomasino, I. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.010 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The concept and definition of low intensity cognitive behaviour therapy
Shafran, R., Myles-Hooton, P., Bennett, S., & Öst, L.-G. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103803 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Effects of Group Experiential Cognitive Therapy for the Treatment of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia
Choi, Y.-H., Vincelli, F., Riva, G., Wiederhold, B. K., Lee, J.-H., & Park, K.-H. (2005) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.387 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., Przeworski, A., Consoli, A. J., & Taylor, C. B. (2014) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0032519 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Meuret, A. E., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Twohig, M. P., & Craske, M. G. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…(e.g., Hofmann et al., 2007; Meulenbeek, Spinhoven, Smit, van Balkom, & Cuijpers, 2010; Smits, Powers, Cho, & Telch, 2004; Vögele et al., 2010) or without complete mediation models of analysis (e.g., Clark et al., 1994, 1999; Forman, Herbert, Moitra, Yeomans, & Geller, 2007; Schmidt & Bates, 2003).”
What Makes a Quality Therapy? A Consideration of Parsimony, Ease, and Efficiency
Cougle, J. R. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.12.007 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., & Fisher, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031690 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Similar to other treatment studies (Clark et al., 1999; Newman et al., 2011), we created a single continuous variable to represent GAD severity.”
ResultLam, D. C. K., Salkovskis, P. M., & Hogg, L. I. (2016) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12093 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hicks, T. V., Leitenberg, H., Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., & Woods, S. W. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.506 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia
Hoffart, A., Sexton, H., Hedley, L. M., & Martinsen, E. W. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Basile, V. T., Newton‐John, T., & Wootton, B. M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23665 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Role of panic appraisal in predicting the severity of panic and agoraphobic symptoms
Cho, Y., Choi, Y., & Kim, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23028 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reinecke, A., & Hoyer, J. (2010) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.11.004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., Ludgate, J., & Gelder, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 583-589
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W4234796490
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 18.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- panic disorder, cognitive therapy, self-instructional module, treatment duration, cost-effectiveness, booster sessions, maintenance of treatment effects, treatment expectations
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Agoraphobia, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Education as Topic, Psychotherapy, Brief, Self Care, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Panic Disorder, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
