Internet-Based Interventions for Psychosis
Abstract
The Internet and mobile technologies are becoming ubiquitous. However, the potential of these technologies to support people with psychosis has been unexplored and the development of innovative e-based interventions is overdue. Research suggests the acceptability and effectiveness of such interventions in psychosis. Internet-based technologies have the potential to transform psychosis treatment by enhancing the accessibility of evidence-based interventions, fostering engagement with mental health services, and maintaining treatment benefits over the long term. This article reviews the current evidence on Internet-based interventions for psychosis, including potential benefits, risks, and future challenges. Recommendations are proposed for developing future online interventions for psychosis.
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These results are in line with other acceptability studies that supported the general acceptability of web-based interventions in clinical settings.
“Collectively, these results are in line with other acceptability studies that supported the general acceptability of web-based interventions in clinical settings [51].”
From Acceptability of Web-Based Mental Health Interventions in the Workplace: Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
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“Young people participating in these focus groups consistently stated that HORYZONS should focus on promoting social connectedness and personal strengths.(35) 36 This is consistent with previous qualitative research with young people.”
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McEnery, C., Lim, M. H., Tremain, H., Knowles, A. D., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.045 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationGleeson, J., Lederman, R., Koval, P., Wadley, G., Bendall, S., Cotton, S., Herrman, H., Crisp, K., & Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00485 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“We became aware of evidence highlighting that a focus on deficits in online systems can lead to demoralization and disengagement and so we began to specifically draw upon positive psychology frameworks, including concepts of family self-efficacy (Bandura et al., 2011; Alvarez-Jimenez et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLederman, R., Gleeson, J., Wadley, G., D’alfonso, S., Rice, S., Santesteban-Echarri, O., & Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3301421 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationGäebel, W., Großimlinghaus, I., Kerst, A., Cohen, Y., Hinsche-Böckenholt, A., Johnson, B., Mucić, D., Petrea, I., Wulf Rössler, A., Thornicroft, G., et al. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0677-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“A further review concluded from few studies that participation in unmoderated and unstructured online peer support groups was not associated with clinical or psychological benefits [23].”
BackgroundMethodMindfulness and relaxation treatment reduce depressive symptoms in individuals with psychosis
Moritz, S., Cludius, B., Hottenrott, B., Schneider, B. C., Saathoff, K., Kuelz, A. K., & Gallinat, J. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.05.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“approaches for psychosis [3,4], and significant benefits of self-help”
BackgroundOnline peer-to-peer support in youth mental health: seizing the opportunity
Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Gleeson, J., Rice, S., González‐Blanch, C., & Bendall, S. (2016) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796015001092 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“, asynchronous, ongoing communication), but be separate from them, and expert moderators should guide, but not censor, the interaction to ensure a safe and supportive network (Alvarez-Jimenez et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSantesteban-Echarri, O., Rice, S., Wadley, G., Lederman, R., D'Alfonso, S., Russon, P., Chambers, R., Miles, C. J., Gilbertson, T., Gleeson, J. F., et al. (2017) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.06.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…to maintain intervention gains from specialized early intervention services, and may also bridge the gap between specialized intervention and standard treatment improving longer-term engagement with standard mental health services (Álvarez-Jiménez et al., 2012, 2016; Andersson and Titov, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDigital Psychiatry - Curbing Depression using Therapy Chatbot and Depression Analysis
Sharma, B., Puri, H., & Rawat, D. (2018) · International Conference Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies · doi:10.1109/icicct.2018.8472986 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“as a 5-year relapse prevention intervention for first episode psychosis (the Horyzons RCT) [4], [9], and”
BackgroundAcceptability of Web-Based Mental Health Interventions in the Workplace: Systematic Review
Scheutzow, J., Attoe, C., & Harwood, J. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/34655 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Collectively, these results are in line with other acceptability studies that supported the general acceptability of web-based interventions in clinical settings [51].”
ResultStrand, M., Gammon, D., & Ruland, C. M. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2176-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“A wide range of theories and tools emerging in technical and social sciences [17–20] and positive computing [21] may aid in examining recovery-relevant issues such as self-esteem, stigma, power, self-disclosure, selfregulation, writing therapy and help-seeking behavior [13–15] and how connecting with others through In…”
BackgroundMcEnery, C., Lim, M. H., Knowles, A. D., Rice, S., Gleeson, J., Howell, S., Russon, P., Miles, C., D’Alfonso, S., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2019) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12912 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Similarly, the higher levels of anonymity and privacy offered by online interventions have been found to circumvent reported barriers in accessing face-to-face treatment in individuals with a highly stigmatized mental ill health condition such as psychosis ( Alvarez-Jiménez et al., 2012; Dixon, Holoshitz, & Nossel, 20…”
BackgroundSelf-citationWilliams, A., Farhall, J., Fossey, E. M., & Thomas, N. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2153-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“[14] propose that “Internet-based interventions for psychosis that are specifically designed to supplement existing mental health services and augment traditional relationships through online interaction.”
BackgroundBaumel, A., Correll, C. U., & Birnbaum, M. L. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.03.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bell, I. H., Fielding-Smith, S. F., Hayward, M., Rossell, S. L., Lim, M. H., Farhall, J., & Thomas, N. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2607-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Villani, M., & Kovess–Masféty, V. (2017) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5946 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Recent experiences show that innovative and flexible interventions that integrate different technologies (eg, mobile phones, chat rooms), evidence-based therapy, and peer and professional support are likely to be the most acceptable and effective for users [14].”
BackgroundInfluentialMulligan, J., Haddock, G., Hartley, S., Davies, J., Sharp, T., KELLY, J. A., Neil, S. T., Taylor, C. D. J., Welford, M., Price, J., et al. (2014) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12018 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bogart, K., Wong, S. K., Lewis, C., Akenzua, A., Hayes, D., Prountzos, A., Okocha, C. I., & Kravariti, E. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-15 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Howe, D. J., Batchelor, S., Coates, D., & Cashman, E. L. (2013) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12096 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Content analysis of neurodegenerative and mental diseases social groups
Martínez-Pérez, B., Díez, I. D. L. T., Bargiela-Flórez, B., López-Coronado, M., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2014) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458214525615 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Medalia, A. A., Saperstein, A. M., Stefančić, A., Meyler, S., Styke, S., Qian, M., Liu, J., & Cabassa, L. J. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113956 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cognitive Fusion Mediates the Impact of Attachment Imagery on Paranoia and Anxiety
Sood, M., & Newman‐Taylor, K. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10127-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Development of a Moderated Online Intervention to Treat Social Anxiety in First-Episode Psychosis
McEnery, C., Lim, M. H., Knowles, A. D., Rice, S., Gleeson, J., Howell, S., Russon, P., Miles, C., D’Alfonso, S., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00581 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In order to harness the benefits of SNS while mitigating the purported risks, it is important that available online SNS for young socially anxious individuals provide opportunities for fostering meaningful engagements within a safe and nonstigmatizing environment.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAn Online Investigation of Imagery to Attenuate Paranoia in College Students
Newman‐Taylor, K., Kemp, A., Potter, H., & Au‐Yeung, S. K. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0934-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Crush, E., Arseneault, L., Danese, A., Jaffee, S. R., & Fisher, H. L. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001983 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Given resources for interventions are limited, it is possible that internet-based peer support networks could represent a promising solution (Álvarez-Jiménez et al., 2012; Naslund et al., 2016).”
Perry, B. L., Pullen, E. L., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2016) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2015.25 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“It stands to reason that even in the absence of an intervention like family psychoe-ducation, strong and amicable relationships with lay community members may re fl ect broader support for treatment decisions and positive social functioning, which translate into more positive perceptions of providers among individuals…”
InfluentialWeChat-based mHealth intention and preferences among people living with schizophrenia
Xiao, S., Li, T., Zhou, W., Shen, M., & Yu, Y. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10550 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Social Media Interventions for Adolescents and Young People with Depression and Psychosis
Santesteban‐Echarri, O., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Gleeson, J., & Rice, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69638-6_14 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationÁlvarez‐Jiménez, M., & Gleeson, J. (2012) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867412464067 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In addition, unmoderated and unstructured forums may result in increased levels of depression and lower quality of life (Alvarez-Jimenez et al., 2012b).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationInternet- und mobilbasierte Interventionen bei Schizophrenie
Westermann, S., Moritz, S., & Berger, T. (2017) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000479335 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lüdtke, T., Rüegg, N., Moritz, S., Berger, T., & Westermann, S. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114223 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lal, S., Gleeson, J., D’Alfonso, S., Etienne, G., Joober, R., Lepage, M., Lee, H., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/28141 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Information and communication technologies (ICTs) offer a promising avenue for addressing the aforementioned clinical challenges by increasing access and quality of mental health services, and ultimately supporting the process of recovery for youth experiencing FEP [22-25].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDevelopment of a Hybrid Application for Psychotic Disorders Self-Management
de Almeida, R. S., Martins, C. L., Marques, A. J., Benevides, D., Costa, A. A., Queirós, C. M. L., Sousa, T., Almeida, A. M. L., Fonseca, N., & Faria, L. (2017) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61118-1_28 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Psychosocial Interventions for Youth Mental Health
Killackey, E. J., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139839518.012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Anderson, B., & Bloxom, Q. (2025) · Journal of Poverty · doi:10.1080/10875549.2025.2575377 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“As previously mentioned, barriers exist in regard to providing mental health services to youth in school settings, despite the benefits derived from utilizing novel approaches with diverse students in varying contexts (Alvarez-Jimenez et al., 2012; Torous et al., 2018).”
Evaluating the Evidence for Online Interventions in Mental Health Care
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Mobile Application to Support Children with Anxiety Disorders
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Family Intervention in Psychosis: A Case
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Livingston, V., Jackson-Nevels, B., Davis-Wagner, D., Chung, I., & Manley, C. K. (2024) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2024.2318446
“Eleven years ago, Álvarez-Jiménez et al. (2012) identified the potential value of social media as a mechanism for early mental health intervention.”
GONG, S., Ma, S., Li, Q., & Zhao, X. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5361739/v1
“Baking the same cake”: Online Systemic Multifamily Group Therapy After First Episode of Psychosis
Pomini, V., Zartaloudi, A., Fragkiadaki, E., Galanis, D., Ferentzaki, A., Koutsi, D., & Selaković, M. (2025) · European Family Therapy Association series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92225-1_12
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- Authors
- Álvarez-Jiménez, M., Gleeson, J. F., Bendall, S., Lederman, R., Wadley, G., Killackey, E., & McGorry, P. D.
- Affiliations
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Venue
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 735-747
- ISSN
- 0193-953X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W125637456
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- psychosis, online intervention, mobile health, online therapy, treatment accessibility, treatment engagement, intervention development
- MeSH terms
- Family, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Mental Health Services, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Patient Education as Topic, Peer Group, Psychotic Disorders, Self-Help Groups, Social Support, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Internet
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