The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Combined PTSD and depressive symptoms interact with post-deployment social support to predict suicidal ideation in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans
Open accessAbstract
Rates of suicide are alarmingly high in military and veteran samples. Suicide rates are particularly elevated among those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, which share overlapping symptoms and frequently co-occur. Identifying and confirming factors that reduce, suicide risk among veterans with PTSD and depression is imperative. The proposed study evaluated, whether post-deployment social support moderated the influence of PTSD-depression symptoms on, suicidal ideation among Veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan using state of the art clinical, diagnostic interviews and self-report measures. Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans (n=145) were invited to, participate in a study evaluating returning Veterans׳ experiences. As predicted, PTSD-depression, symptoms had almost no effect on suicidal ideation (SI) when post-deployment social support was high; however, when, post-deployment social support was low, PTSD-depression symptoms were positively associated with, SI. Thus, social support may be an important factor for clinicians to assess in the context of PTSD and, depressive symptoms. Future research is needed to prospectively examine the inter-relationship, between PTSD/depression and social support on suicidal risk, as well as whether interventions to, improve social support result in decreased suicidality.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Low social support is a key factor related to serious negative health outcomes, including poor physical and mental health, increased mortality risk, and suicidal ideation and behavior [1,2,3,4].”
From A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Low social support is a key factor related to serious negative health outcomes, including poor physical and mental health, increased mortality risk, and suicidal ideation and behavior [1,2,3,4].”
From A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Low social support is a key factor related to serious negative health outcomes, including poor physical and mental health, increased mortality risk, and suicidal ideation and behavior [1,2,3,4].”
From A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“a population at high risk of mortality and other negative outcomes [1,2,3,4].”
From A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535 · cited 2×
“The BDI-II has demonstrated high internal consistency (Beck et al., 1996) and good test–retest reliability (Beck et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodComparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13 · Cited by 5,965
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,899
The interpersonal theory of suicide.
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018697 · Cited by 5,292
The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490080106 · Cited by 5,024
Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL)
Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., & Forneris, C. A. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00033-2 · Cited by 3,997
The Functional Significance of Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: A Review
Couture, S. M. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl029 · Cited by 1,363
Seal (2007) · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.5.476 · Cited by 936
Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.49 · Cited by 887
Mortality of patients with mood disorders: follow-up over 34–38 years
Angst, F., Stassen, H. H., Clayton, P. J., & Angst, J. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00377-9 · Cited by 881
Universities and tobacco money
Cohen, J. E. (2001) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.1 · Cited by 870
Hogan, B. E., Linden, W., & Najarian, B. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00102-7 · Cited by 842
King, L. A., King, D. W., Vogt, D. S., Knight, J., & Samper, R. E. (2006) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1802_1 · Cited by 599
Green, M. F. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi049 · Cited by 476
The validity of the PTSD checklist as a measure of symptomatic change in combat-related PTSD
Forbes, D., Creamer, M. C., & Biddle, D. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00084-x · Cited by 470
Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression
Marroquín, B. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.005 · Cited by 414
Guthrie, E., Patton, G. C., Kapur, N., Mackway-Jones, K. C., Chew-Graham, C. A., Moorey, J., Mendel, E., Marino-Francis, F., Sanderson, S., Turpin, C., et al. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7305.135 · Cited by 405
Jakupcak, M., Cook, J., Imel, Z. E., Fontana, A., Rosenheck, R., & McFall, M. M. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20423 · Cited by 368
Vogt, D. S., Proctor, S. P., King, D. W., King, L. A., & Vasterling, J. J. (2008) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191108316030 · Cited by 348
Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Johnson, D. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.001 · Cited by 308
Evidence for a unique PTSD construct represented by PTSD's D1–D3 symptoms
Elhai, J. D., Biehn, T. L., Armour, C., Klopper, J. J., Frueh, B. C., & Palmieri, P. A. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.10.007 · Cited by 306
The prevalence and characteristics of complicated grief in older adults
Newson, R. S., Boelen, P. A., Hek, K., Hofman, A., & Tiemeier, H. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.021 · Cited by 281
Risk of Suicide Among US Veterans After Returning From the Iraq or Afghanistan War Zones
Kang, H. K., & Bullman, T. A. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.6.652 · Cited by 260
Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Pietrzak, R. H., & Southwick, S. M. (2012) · Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes · doi:10.1521/psyc.2012.75.2.135 · Cited by 255 · cited 1×
“Veterans who screened positive for PTSD experience lower rates of partner satisfaction, family cohesion, and social functioning (Tsai et al., 2012).”
BackgroundOquendo, M. A., Friend, J. M., Halberstam, B., Brodsky, B. S., Burke, A. K., Grunebaum, M. F., Malone, K. M., & Mann, J. J. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.580 · Cited by 231
Suicide Mortality Among Patients Receiving Care in the Veterans Health Administration Health System
McCarthy, J. F., Valenstein, M. M., Kim, H., Ilgen, M. A., Zivin, K., & Blow, F. C. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp010 · Cited by 220
Symptom overlap in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression
Grös, D. F., Price, M., Magruder, K. M., & Frueh, B. C. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.022 · Cited by 201
Suicide and Traumatic Brain Injury Among Individuals Seeking Veterans Health Administration Services
Brenner, L. A., Ignacio, R. V., & Blow, F. C. (2011) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0b013e31821fdb6e · Cited by 189
Guerra, V. S., & Calhoun, P. S. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.025 · Cited by 185
Factors associated with suicidal ideation in OEF/OIF veterans.
Lemaire, C., & Graham, D. P. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.021 · Cited by 185
Common genetic liability to major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in men
Koenen, K. C., Fu, Q. J., Ertel, K. A., Lyons, M. J., Eisen, S. A., True, W. R., Goldberg, J. H., & Tsuang, M. T. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.021 · Cited by 157
Pietrzak, R. H., Russo, A. R., Ling, Q., & Southwick, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.015 · Cited by 152
Evidence for a unique PTSD construct represented by PTSD's D1-D3 symptoms
Armour, C., Elhai, J., Biehn, T. L., Klopper, J. N., Frueh, B. C., & Palmieri, P. A. (2011) · University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) · Cited by 145
Price, M., Gros, D. F., Strachan, M., Ruggiero, K. J., & Acierno, R. (2013) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0026244 · Cited by 136
Self-reported suicidal ideation in adolescent psychiatric inpatients.
Steer, R. A., Kumar, G., & Beck, A. T. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.6.1096 · Cited by 134
Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Jordan, B. K., Hough, R. L., Marmar, C. R., & Weiss, D. S. (1991) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.3.4.547 · Cited by 132
The internalizing and externalizing structure of psychiatric comorbidity in combat veterans
Miller, M. W., Fogler, J. M., Wolf, E. J., Kaloupek, D. G., & Keane, T. M. (2008) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20303 · Cited by 121
Robinaugh, D. J., Marques, L., Traeger, L. N., Marks, E. H., Sung, S. C., Gayle Beck, J., Pollack, M. H., & Simon, N. M. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.07.004 · Cited by 121
Self-reported suicidal ideation in adolescent psychiatric inpatients.
Steer, R. A., Kumar, G., & Beck, A. T. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.6.1096 · Cited by 98
Social Cognition and Interpersonal Impairments in Trauma Survivors with PTSD
Nietlisbach, G., & Maercker, A. (2009) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926770902881489 · Cited by 97
Suicide Mortality Among Patients Treated by the Veterans Health Administration From 2000 to 2007
Blow, F. C., Bohnert, A. M., Ilgen, M. A., Ignacio, R. V., McCarthy, J. F., Valenstein, M. M., & Knox, K. L. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300441 · Cited by 96
Posttraumatic stress disorder: a social-cognitive perspective.
Sharp, C., Fonagy, P., & Allen, J. G. (2012) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12002 · Cited by 92 · cited 1×
“Social cognition offers mechanisms, such as emotion perception, social perception, attributional style and theory of mind that are ripe for study within mental health population and among those who may be suicidal (Couture et al., 2006; Nietlisbach and Maercker, 2009; Sharp et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPsychopathological predictors of suicide in patients with major depression during a 5-year follow-up
Schneider, B., Philipp, M., & Müller, M. J. (2001) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(01)00579-x · Cited by 91
Jakupcak, M., Vannoy, S. D., Imel, Z. E., Cook, J. W., FONTANA, A. F., Rosenheck, R. A., & McFall, M. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20722 · Cited by 89
Meyer, E. C., Morissette, S. B., Kimbrel, N. A., Kruse, M. I., & Gulliver, S. B. (2013) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0030178 · Cited by 82
Bryan, C. J., & Corso, K. A. (2011) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0023451 · Cited by 39
Pukay‐Martin, N. D., Pontoski, K. E., Maxwell, M. A., Calhoun, P. S., Dutton, C. E., Clancy, C. P., Hertzberg, M. A., Collie, C. F., & Beckham, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21741 · Cited by 33
Scale for Suicide Ideation: Psychometric properties of a self-report version
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Ranieri, W. F. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198807)44:4
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ahern, J., Worthen, M., Masters, J., Lippman, S. A., Ozer, E. J., & Moos, R. H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128599 · Cited by 291
Suicide risk among 1.3 million veterans who were on active duty during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars
Kang, H. K., Bullman, T. A., Smolenski, D. J., Skopp, N. A., Gahm, G. A., & Reger, M. A. (2014) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.11.020 · Cited by 259
Holliday, R., Borges, L. M., Stearns-Yoder, K. A., Hoffberg, A. S., Brenner, L. A., & Monteith, L. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01998 · Cited by 92
Anger, social support, and suicide risk in U.S. military veterans
Wilks, C. R., Morland, L. A., Dillon, K. H., Mackintosh, M., Blakey, S. M., Wagner, H. R., & Elbogen, E. B. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.026 · Cited by 87
Conner, K., Bossarte, R., He, H., Arora, J., Lu, N., Tu, X., & Katz, I. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.067 · Cited by 80
Metadata
- Authors
- DeBeer, B. B., Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M Health Science Center (US)
- Durham VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- DeBeer, Bryann B.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 216
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 357-362
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5032640
- OpenAlex
- W1994098139
- Semantic Scholar
- cbefa94e982b618a2eee6ace21ef34ff34ee1e17
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 13.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans (I01RX000304)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Military Integration
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, moderation, Operation Enduring Freedom, Iraq War, veterans, suicide risk, Iraq and Afghanistan veterans
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Afghanistan, Depression, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Iraq, Male, Military Personnel, Regression Analysis, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Iraq War, 2003-2011, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Self Report, Suicidal Ideation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
