Fear and death anxiety in the shadow of COVID-19 among the Lebanese population: A cross-sectional study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic was one of the most devastating health crises the world has seen. One of its mental health consequences includes fear of being infected, which could lead to anxiety. This study aimed to assess the fear related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated factors among the adult population in Lebanon. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lebanon between February 26th and April 29th, 2021. Data was collected through an online survey among adults aged 18 years and older. Information on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the participants, fear and death anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic, depression, and anxiety were collected. Multivariable linear regression analyses were carried out to identify the predictors of fear related to the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: A total of 1840 participants were included in the analysis of which 62.9% were females and 62.2% were single. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 70 years with a mean of 26.6 ±8.8 years. Of the total participants, 41.9% felt uncomfortable thinking about the novel Coronavirus and 35.4% of candidates became nervous/anxious when watching the news about COVID-19 on social media. About one-third of the participants (33.7%) were afraid of COVID-19 and 23.8% were afraid of losing their life because of the disease. Concerning somatic symptoms of fear, 7.9% reported increased heart races or palpitations whenever they thought about getting infected with COVID-19, 3.7% complained about sleep disturbances while 2.5% developed tremors or sweating in their hands when they thought about Coronavirus. In addition, Death anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic was one of the most fear-related factors (B = 0.191, 95% CI (0.172 to 0.211), P-value < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study provides insights on the impact of COVID-19 on individuals at the level of fear in Lebanon. Death anxiety was identified as the most significant predictor of fear related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the negative psychological effects of fear, it is necessary to educate the adults on how to deal with death anxiety and implement psychological interventions and counseling programs to relieve fear and improve the mental health of Lebanese adults.
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Chalhoub et al. defined death anxiety as the most significant predictor of fear related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Z. Chalhoub et al. defined death anxiety as the 'most significant predictor of fear related to the COVID-19 pandemic' [5].”
From For whom the bell tolls: The fear of death and the ways to become less afraid of it (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Chalhoub, Z., Koubeissy, H., Fares, Y., & Abou-Abbas, L.
- Affiliations
- Lebanese University (LB)
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2022-07-27
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e0270567
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9328531
- OpenAlex
- W4288068340
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 8.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, fear of infection, fear of death, anxiety, depression, social media news, Lebanese adults, mental health, predictors of fear
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adult, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Pandemics
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