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Psychological Outcomes Associated with Stay-at-Home Orders and the Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Daily Life
Open accessAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the widespread implementation of extraordinary physical distancing interventions (e.g., stay-at-home orders) to slow the spread of the virus. Although vital, these interventions may be socially and economically disruptive, contributing to adverse psychological outcomes. This study examined relations of both stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life to psychological outcomes (depression, health anxiety, financial worry, social support, and loneliness) in a nationwide U.S. community adult sample (N = 500; 47% women, mean age = 40). Participants completed questionnaires assessing psychological outcomes, stay-at-home order status, and COVID-19's impact on their daily life. Being under a stay-at-home order was associated with greater health anxiety, financial worry, and loneliness. Moreover, the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life was positively associated with health anxiety, financial worry, and social support, but negatively associated with loneliness. Findings highlight the importance of social connection to mitigate negative psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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In the citing paper
“The pandemic has impacted people in various aspects, including increasing financial worry, decreasing social support, and leading to health anxiety and loneliness (Tull et al., 2020).”
From Virtual reality adoption during the COVID-19 pandemic: A uses and gratifications perspective (2021) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“For example, lockdown measures have been associated with increased psychological distress and loneliness (Tull et al., 2020).”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, if adolescents want to communicate with their friends to escape the loneliness caused by the disease control measures (Tull et al., 2020), they must use mobile phones online regardless of whether their individual impulse is high or low.”
From Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control (2021) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tull, M. T., Edmonds, K. A., Scamaldo, K. M., Richmond, J. R., Rose, J. P., & Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Toledo (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tull, Matthew T.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 289
- Pages
- 113098
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7252159
- OpenAlex
- W3025789606
- Cited by
- 922
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 156 · 2022: 238 · 2021: 279 · 2020: 96
- FWCI
- 76.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, stay-at-home orders, social distancing, psychological outcomes, depression, health anxiety, financial worry, social support, loneliness, social connectedness
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Support, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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