Psychological Outcomes Associated with Stay-at-Home Orders and the Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Daily Life
Open accessAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the widespread implementation of extraordinary physical distancing interventions (e.g., stay-at-home orders) to slow the spread of the virus. Although vital, these interventions may be socially and economically disruptive, contributing to adverse psychological outcomes. This study examined relations of both stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life to psychological outcomes (depression, health anxiety, financial worry, social support, and loneliness) in a nationwide U.S. community adult sample (N = 500; 47% women, mean age = 40). Participants completed questionnaires assessing psychological outcomes, stay-at-home order status, and COVID-19's impact on their daily life. Being under a stay-at-home order was associated with greater health anxiety, financial worry, and loneliness. Moreover, the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life was positively associated with health anxiety, financial worry, and social support, but negatively associated with loneliness. Findings highlight the importance of social connection to mitigate negative psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted people by increasing financial worry, decreasing social support, and leading to health anxiety and loneliness.
“The pandemic has impacted people in various aspects, including increasing financial worry, decreasing social support, and leading to health anxiety and loneliness (Tull et al., 2020).”
From Virtual reality adoption during the COVID-19 pandemic: A uses and gratifications perspective (2021) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
The Abstract and Discussion report that stay-at-home orders were associated with greater financial worry, health anxiety, and loneliness in a U.S. adult sample. The claim's decrease in social support is contrary to the reported finding: greater perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life was associated with increased social support. The study reports associations, not that the pandemic caused these outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA perceived stay-at-home order was related to lower life-satisfaction.
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
Lockdown measures have been associated with increased psychological distress and loneliness.
“For example, lockdown measures have been associated with increased psychological distress and loneliness (Tull et al., 2020).”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
A perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive symptoms.
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
A perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe anxiety symptoms.
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
A perceived stay-at-home order was related to greater psychosocial distress.
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
A perceived stay-at-home order was related to more fearful spells.
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
A perceived stay-at-home order was related to greater reported loneliness.
“The present findings extend preliminary results from a small cross-sectional study in the US (Tull et al., 2020) in demonstrating that a perceived stay-at-home order was related to more severe depressive and anxiety symptomatology, greater reported loneliness, more fearful spells, greater psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction irrespective of whether a stay-at-home order was officially”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents who wanted to communicate with friends to escape loneliness caused by disease control measures had to use mobile phones online regardless of their impulse level.
“However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, if adolescents want to communicate with their friends to escape the loneliness caused by the disease control measures (Tull et al., 2020), they must use mobile phones online regardless of whether their individual impulse is high or low.”
From Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control (2021) · cites this paper as Tull et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Tull, M. T., Edmonds, K. A., Scamaldo, K. M., Richmond, J. R., Rose, J. P., & Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Toledo (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tull, Matthew T.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 289
- Pages
- 113098
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7252159
- OpenAlex
- W3025789606
- Cited by
- 922
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 156 · 2022: 238 · 2021: 279 · 2020: 96
- FWCI
- 76.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, stay-at-home orders, social distancing, psychological outcomes, depression, health anxiety, financial worry, social support, loneliness, social connectedness
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Support, Pandemics
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