Whites have a more robust hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to a psychological stressor than blacks
Open accessAbstract
Objective Differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress may confer differences in susceptibility to a variety of diseases. We hypothesized that whites would differ from blacks in HPA axis response to a psychological stressor.Design Healthy subjects aged 18-30 were recruited from Baltimore, Maryland. At initial assessment, they completed psychometric tests measuring anxiety, mood, and personality. Subjects then participated in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), which consisted of 10 min of public speaking and mental arithmetic exercises. Subjective anxiety was measured immediately pre- and post-TSST. Race effects on cortisol, adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), and prolactin responses to the TSST were analyzed by GEE longitudinal analysis methods. The analysis controlled for gender, baseline hormone levels, socioeconomic factors, anxiety, mood, and dimensions of personality.Results Ninety-eight subjects participated in the TSST. Whites had 36% greater relative mean cortisol response than blacks (95% CI: 10-67%, P=0.004). Whites had significantly higher mean ACTH compared to blacks at 25 min after the start of the TSST (35%, 95% CI: 16-58% greater, P<0.001). There was no difference in prolactin response. Of note, whites and blacks did not differ in subjective anxiety response to the TSST.Conclusions In sum, we found that whites have a more robust HPA axis response to the TSST compared with blacks, even after controlling for several socioeconomic and psychological factors. In contrast, we observed no difference in prolactin response. There were no differences in subjective response to the TSST to explain the difference in HPA axis response. Further study is indicated to explain this finding and to test whether it can be extrapolated to other forms of stress.
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Prior work indicates race differences in HPA axis activation during the TSST.
“Chong et al (2008) showed that HPA axis activation (ie, cortisol concentrations) during the TSST was greater in Caucasians than in people of African descent.”
From Acute stress increases circulating anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines in healthy humans (2012) · cites this paper as Chong et al (2008)
The finding of a possible racial difference in response to stress is consistent with several other reports of race differences.
“The finding of a possible racial difference in response to stress is consistent with several other reports of race differences (Ahwal et al, 1997;Chong et al, 2008;Sherwood et al, 1995).”
From Acute stress increases circulating anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines in healthy humans (2012) · cites this paper as Chong et al, 2008
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- Authors
- Chong, R. Y., Uhart, M., McCaul, M. E., Johnson, E., & Wand, G. S.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 246-254
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2253947
- OpenAlex
- W2056380667
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1k23aa016323-01)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA010158, K23 AA016323, AA10158, 1K23AA016323-01, K23AA017466)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, racial differences, cortisol response, ACTH, prolactin, psychological stress, Trier Social Stress Test, subjective anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Prolactin, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Logistic Models, Statistics, Nonparametric, Area Under Curve, Black People, White People
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