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The stress-buffering effect of acute exercise: Evidence for HPA axis negative feedback
Abstract
According to the cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis, physically trained individuals show lower physiological and psychological responses to stressors other than exercise, e.g. psychosocial stress. Reduced stress reactivity may constitute a mechanism of action for the beneficial effects of exercise in maintaining mental health. With regard to neural and psychoneuroendocrine stress responses, the acute stress-buffering effects of exercise have not been investigated yet. A sample of highly trained (HT) and sedentary (SED) young men was randomized to either exercise on a treadmill at moderate intensity (60-70% VO2max; AER) for 30 min, or to perform 30 min of "placebo" exercise (PLAC). 90 min later, an fMRI experiment was conducted using an adapted version of the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST). The subjective and psychoneuroendocrine (cortisol and α-amylase) changes induced by the exercise intervention and the MIST were assessed, as well as neural activations during the MIST. Finally, associations between the different stress responses were analysed. Participants of the AER group showed a significantly reduced cortisol response to the MIST, which was inversely related to the previous exercise-induced α-amylase and cortisol fluctuations. With regard to the sustained BOLD signal, we found higher bilateral hippocampus (Hipp) activity and lower prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity in the AER group. Participants with a higher aerobic fitness showed lower cortisol responses to the MIST. As the Hipp and PFC are brain structures prominently involved in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, these findings indicate that the acute stress-buffering effect of exercise relies on negative feedback mechanisms. Positive affective changes after exercise appear as important moderators largely accounting for the effects related to physical fitness.
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“For example, in a study by Zschucke and colleagues, overall cortisol output was reduced following a mild cognitive challenge task when participants engaged in 30 min of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise (at 60-70% VO 2-peak) prior to the mental challenge compared to participants who did not engage in any exercise.(Zschucke et al., 2015).”
From The effects of exercise intensity on the cortisol response to a subsequent acute psychosocial stressor. (2021) · cites this paper as Zschucke et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Three studies demonstrate that various modalities of acute exercise (e.g.outdoor walking, ergometer bicycling) can reduce the HPA-axis sCort response to various psychosocial stressor tasks (Wood et al., 2018;Wunsch et al., 2019;Zschucke et al., 2015).”
From The effects of exercise intensity on the cortisol response to a subsequent acute psychosocial stressor. (2021) · cites this paper as Zschucke et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“When prior studies have implemented an exercise protocol prior to a stressor, they have primarily used a binary model with an exercising and non-exercising group (Wood et al., 2018;Zschucke et al., 2015).”
From The effects of exercise intensity on the cortisol response to a subsequent acute psychosocial stressor. (2021) · cites this paper as Zschucke et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“In their work, highly trained and sedentary men were randomized to aerobic exercise (at 60-70% VO2-peak) or placebo exercise (light stretching) prior to a mild laboratory psychosocial stressor.”
From The effects of exercise intensity on the cortisol response to a subsequent acute psychosocial stressor. (2021) · cites this paper as Zschucke et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Zschucke and colleagues (2015) were the first to posit that cross-stressor adaptation of acute exercise may occur as a result of glucocorticoid negative feedback.”
From The effects of exercise intensity on the cortisol response to a subsequent acute psychosocial stressor. (2021) · cites this paper as Zschucke et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Men in the aerobic exercise condition showed smaller cortisol change scores from pre-to post-psychosocial stressor compared to the placebo exercise condition.”
From The effects of exercise intensity on the cortisol response to a subsequent acute psychosocial stressor. (2021) · cites this paper as Zschucke et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Additional research conducted in healthy or other clinical populations provides evidence that acute and regular exercise regulate or improve one's stress-related activation of the HPA axis, including a blunted cortisol response”
From Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
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Heartbeats and high scores: esports triggers cardiovascular and autonomic stress response
Ketelhut, S., & Nigg, C. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1380903 · Cited by 24
“Studies have shown that acute exercise can not only reduce the response to physical stress (22, 63) but also mitigate the response to mental stress (64).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 and Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Afraie, M., Moradi, G., Mohammadzadeh, P., Azami, M., Riyahifar, S., & Moradi, Y. (2022) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-022-02141-6 · Cited by 23
Exercise for depression treatment. Physiological mechanisms
Gultyaeva, V. V., Zinchenko, M. I., Uryumtsev, D. Y., Krivoschekov, S. G., & Aftanas, L. I. (2019) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2019119071112 · Cited by 23
Relaxation Effect of a 2-Hour Walk in Kumano-Kodo Forest
Komori, T., Mitsui, M., Togashi, K., Matsui, J., Takaya, K. A. T. O., Uei, D., Shibayama, A., Yamato, K., Okumura, H., & Kinoshita, F. (2017) · Journal of Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.21767/2171-6625.1000174 · Cited by 22
“It is well known that strong exercise produces sympathetic dominance, while moderate exercise results in parasympathetic dominance [21,22] and relieves stress if the subject is in training [23].”
BackgroundFrenkel, M. O., Brokelmann, J., Nieuwenhuys, A., Heck, R.-B., Kasperk, C. H., Stoffel, M., & Plessner, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01719 · Cited by 22
Psychosocial stress reactivity habituates following acute physiological stress
Kühnel, A., Kroemer, N. B., Elbau, I., Czisch, M., Sämann, P. G., Walter, M., BeCome working group, & Binder, E. B. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25106 · Cited by 22
“Likewise, yet in contrast to previous reports (Zschucke et al., 2015), we did not observe any differentially activated clusters in participants showing an IVP cortisol response.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYin, J., Cheng, X., Yi, Z., Deng, L., & Liu, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03303-w · Cited by 23
“The cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis [45, 46] suggests that individuals who engage in physical exercise exhibit lower physiological and psychological responses to stressors outside of exercise.”
Li, X., Huang, J., & Zhu, F. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13120415 · Cited by 26
Effects of aerobic exercise on sad emotion regulation in young women: an electroencephalograph study
Hwang, R.-J., Chen, H.-J., Guo, Z.-X., Lee, Y.-S., & Liu, T.-Y. (2018) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-018-9511-3 · Cited by 20
Physical Activity for Autistic Adults: Recommendations for a Shift in Approach
Hallett, R. (2019) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2019.0016 · Cited by 19
Stress, Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise – A Narrative Review
Popović, D., & Lavie, C. J. (2022) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm_33_22 · Cited by 19
Exercise as Treatment for “Stress-Related” Mental Disorders
Bendau, A., Petzold, M. B., Kaminski, J., Plag, J., & Ströhle, A. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x22666230927103308 · Cited by 21
Self-citationCarlbo, A., Claesson, H. P., & Åström, S. (2018) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2018.1429508 · Cited by 19
Brühl, A., Heinrichs, N., Bernstein, E. E., & McNally, R. J. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.01.004 · Cited by 20
HPA axis function in alcohol use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Dunne, N., & Ivers, J. (2023) · Addiction Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100114 · Cited by 22
Stress-induced brain responses are associated with BMI in women
Kühnel, A., Hagenberg, J., Arloth, J., Ködel, M., Czisch, M., Sämann, P. G., BeCOME working group, Brückl, T. M., Spoormaker, V. I., Erhardt, A., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05396-8 · Cited by 21
“Since the HPA axis serves as a negative feedback loop, higher baseline cortisol levels are associated with lower stress-induced endocrine 48,80 , but also subjective 48,81 , cardiovascular 48 , and neural stress responses 48,82 .”
Move the night way: how can physical activity facilitate adaptation to shift work?
Easton, D. F., Gupta, C. C., Vincent, G. E., & Ferguson, S. A. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-05962-8 · Cited by 19
Wunsch, K., Meier, M., Ueberholz, L., Strahler, J., & Kasten, N. (2019) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1637-x · Cited by 19
“The few available studies on adults are in accordance with the present null finding [29, 34, 89].”
ResultA single bout of hard RPE-based cycling exercise increases salivary alpha-amylase
Weiss, L. R., Venezia, A. C., & Smith, J. C. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.05.016 · Cited by 17
Nyberg, J., Henriksson, M., Åberg, M., Rosengren, A., Söderberg, M., Åberg, N. D., Kuhn, H. G., & Wærn, M. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717001763 · Cited by 17
“Dysregulation of stress response systems may be involved in the pathogenesis and progress of mental disorders (Zschucke et al. 2015).”
Backgroundvon Lindenberger, B.-L., Plag, J., Schumacher, S., Gaudlitz, K., Bischoff, S., Bobbert, T., Dimeo, F., Petzold, M. B., Kirschbaum, C., Dudás, Z., et al. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22659 · Cited by 19
Self-citationSheppard-Perkins, M. D., Malcolm, S. K., Hira, S., Smith, S. V. M., & Darroch, F. (2022) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2022.100474 · Cited by 16
Stress buffering after physical activity engagement: An experience sampling study
Gerstberger, L., Blanke, E. S., Keller, J., & Brose, A. (2023) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12659 · Cited by 19
Liu, P. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21674-y · Cited by 16
Trumpff, C., Marsland, A. L., Sloan, R. P., Kaufman, B. A., & Picard, M. A. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.001 · Cited by 16
“Manipulation of the individual’s physiological or psychological state prior to stress induction, using aerobic physical activity (Zschucke et al., 2015) or self-esteem training (Creswell et al.”
Friedenreich, C. M., Wang, Q., Shaw, E., Heer, E. V., Zhou, R., Brenner, D. R., Courneya, K. S., & Wynne‐Edwards, K. E. (2019) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100960 · Cited by 16
“…of chronic stress on telomere shortening (Puterman et al., 2010), desensitizes tissue sensitivity to prolonged cortisol exposure (Duclos et al., 2003), reduces cortisol responses to acute stressors (Zschucke et al., 2015), and decreases elevated morning cortisol in older adults (Mura et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodische Aspekte der Stressforschung
Kasten, N., & Fuchs, R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49322-9_7 · Cited by 15
“Auf andere wie z. B. die Katecholamine (Adrenalin, Noradrenalin) (Winters 2012), die Alpha-Amylase (Strahler et al. 2016) oder neurologische Stressmarker der Gehirnaktivität (Zschucke et al. 2015) können wir hier nur verweisen.”
BackgroundIntensity Matters: The Role of Physical Activity in the Job Demands-Resources Model
Fodor, D. P., Pohrt, A., Gekeler, B. S., Knoll, N., & Heuse, S. (2020) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/jwop2020a21 · Cited by 22
“Moreover, regular VPA has been shown to effectively improve physical fitness, which is associated with reduced stress reactivity (Martikainen et al., 2013; Rimmele et al., 2009; Zschucke et al., 2015).”
BackgroundExercise decreases defensive responses to unpredictable, but not predictable, threat
Lago, T. R., Hsiung, A., Leitner, B. P., Duckworth, C. J., Chen, K. Y., Monique Ernst, D., & Grillon, C. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22748 · Cited by 15
Çakır, Z., Erbaş, Ü., Gönen, M., Ceyhan, M. A., Öktem, T., Kul, M., Dilek, A. N., & Güzel, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03108-x · Cited by 17
“Moreover, even 30 min of aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce cortisol responses to psychosocial stress [99].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Zschucke, E., Renneberg, B., Dimeo, F., Wüstenberg, T., & Ströhle, A.
- Affiliations
- Constructor University (DE)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Zschucke, Elisabeth
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 51
- Pages
- 414-425
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2087854698
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- acute exercise, stress buffering, psychosocial stress, cortisol, alpha-amylase, cardiorespiratory fitness, Montreal Imaging Stress Task, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Affect, Brain, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Physical Fitness, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Exercise, Feedback, Physiological, Young Adult, Functional Neuroimaging
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