Interplay between hormones and exercise on hippocampal plasticity across the lifespan
Open accessAbstract
The hippocampus is a brain structure known to play a central role in cognitive function (namely learning and memory) as well as mood regulation and affective behaviors due in part to its ability to undergo structural and functional changes in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. While structural changes are achieved through modulation of hippocampal neurogenesis as well as alterations in dendritic morphology and spine remodeling, functional (i.e., synaptic) changes can be noted through the strengthening (i.e., long-term potentiation) or weakening (i.e., long-term depression) of the synapses. While age, hormone homeostasis, and levels of physical activity are some of the factors known to module these forms of hippocampal plasticity, the exact mechanisms through which these factors interact with each other at a given moment in time are not completely understood. It is well known that hormonal levels vary throughout the lifespan of an individual and it is also known that physical exercise can impact hormonal homeostasis. Thus, it is reasonable to speculate that hormone modulation might be one of the various mechanisms through which physical exercise differently impacts hippocampal plasticity throughout distinct periods of an individual's life. The present review summarizes the potential relationship between physical exercise and different types of hormones (namely sex, metabolic, and stress hormones) and how this relationship may mediate the effects of physical activity during three distinct life periods, adolescence, adulthood, and senescence. Overall, the vast majority of studies support a beneficial role of exercise in maintaining hippocampal hormonal levels and consequently, hippocampal plasticity, cognition, and mood regulation.
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Increased phthalate exposure has been associated with neurocognitive problems in later childhood.
“Increased phthalate exposure has further been associated with neurocognitive problems in later childhood (Bettio et al., 2020; Dias et al., 2025).”
From Environmental endocrine disruptors at the synapse: mechanisms linking chemical exposure to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction (2026) · cites this paper as Bettio et al., 2020
Section 4 discusses exercise, hormones and hippocampal outcomes during adolescence, including cognitive tasks in animals, but does not address phthalate exposure or neurocognitive problems in later childhood. Searches for “phthalates” and for prenatal endocrine-disrupting chemical exposure found no passage supporting the attributed association; the relevant passages have no page numbers in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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KANALEY, J. A., COLBERG, S. R., CORCORAN, M. H., MALIN, S. K., RODRIGUEZ, N. R., CRESPO, C. J., KIRWAN, J. P., & ZIERATH, J. R. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002800 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Jocsak, G., Kiss, D. S., Alymbaeva, D., Diebald, A., Zsarnovszky, A., Heinzlmann, A., & Bartha, T. (2026) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1821381 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Increased phthalate exposure has further been associated with neurocognitive problems in later childhood (Bettio et al., 2020; Dias et al., 2025).”
- Authors
- Bettio, L. E. B., Thacker, J. S., Rodgers, S. P., Brocardo, P. S., Christie, B. R., & Gil-Mohapel, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Victoria (CA)
- University of Houston (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 1866
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 165821
- ISSN
- 0925-4439 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3022882017
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Victoria
- Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- hippocampal plasticity, physical activity, hormones, sex hormones, metabolic hormones, stress hormones, hippocampal neurogenesis, dendritic morphology, synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, lifespan, adolescence, aging, mood regulation, cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Aged, Cognition, Female, Hippocampus, Homeostasis, Hormones, Humans, Longevity, Male, Stress, Psychological, Synapses, Exercise, Long-Term Potentiation, Long-Term Synaptic Depression, Neurogenesis
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