Sex differences in salivary cortisol reactivity to the trier social stress test (TSST): a meta-analysis

Liu, Jenny J.W.; Ein, Natalie; Peck, Katlyn; Huang, Vivian; Pruessner, Jens C.; Vickers, Kristin

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.007

Cited by 274Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

Sex differences in salivary cortisol reactivity to the trier social stress test (TSST): a meta-analysis

Liu, Jenny J.W., Ein, Natalie, Peck, Katlyn, Huang, Vivian, Pruessner, Jens C., Vickers, Kristin·2017·Psychoneuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.007

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Abstract

Some, but not all studies using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) have demonstrated evidence in support of sex differences in salivary cortisol. The aim of the current meta-analysis is to examine sex differences in salivary cortisol following exposure to the TSST. We further explored the effects of modifications to the TSST protocol and procedural variations as potential moderators. We searched articles published from January, 1993 to February, 2016 in MedLine, PsychINFO, and ProQuest Theses and Dissertations. This meta-analysis is based on 34 studies, with a total sample size of 1350 individuals (640 women and 710 men). Using a random effects model, we found significant heterogeneity in salivary cortisol output across sexes, such that men were observed to have higher cortisol values at peak and recovery following the TSST compared to women. Modifications to the sampling trajectory of cortisol (i.e., duration of acclimation, peak sampling time, and duration of recovery) significantly moderated the heterogeneity across both sexes. Further, there are observed sex differences at various time points of the reactive cortisol following the TSST. Lastly, current results suggest that these sex differences can be, at least in part, attributed to variations in methodological considerations across studies. Future research could advance this line of inquiry by using other methods of analyses (e.g., area under the curve; AUC), in order to better understand the effects of methodological variations and their implications for research design.

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Models for heart rate and subjective-emotional responses were adjusted for gender and start time.
“As similar associations were also observed between gender and start time as well as heart rate and subjective-emotional responses, those models were adjusted in the same way [37].”
From Self-soothing touch and being hugged reduce cortisol responses to stress: A randomized controlled trial on stress, physical touch, and social identity (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
The study controlled for various variables such as gender, physical activity, time of day, smoking, drug abuse, use of oral contraceptives, and various medical conditions.
“To obtain reliable measurements for cortisol, we controlled for various variables such as gender, physical activity, time of day, smoking, drug abuse, use of oral contraceptives, and various medical conditions [36,37].”
From Self-soothing touch and being hugged reduce cortisol responses to stress: A randomized controlled trial on stress, physical touch, and social identity (2021) · cites this paper as [37]

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Authors: Liu, J. J. W., Ein, N., Peck, K., Huang, V., Pruessner, J. C., & Vickers, K.
Affiliations: Toronto Metropolitan University (CA)
McGill University (CA)
Corresponding author: Vickers, Kristin
ORCID: Liu, Jenny J.W.
Ein, Natalie
Peck, Katlyn
Huang, Vivian
Pruessner, Jens C.
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-08
Volume: 82
Pages: 26-37
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.007
OpenAlex: W2609584573
Cited by: 274
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 2.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: sex differences, salivary cortisol, Trier Social Stress Test, social stress, cortisol response, stress response, methodological variability
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Middle Aged, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Saliva, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results

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Sex differences in salivary cortisol reactivity to the trier social stress test (TSST): a meta-analysis

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