Narcissism predicts heightened cortisol reactivity to a psychosocial stressor in men.
Open accessAbstract
Narcissists' sensitivity to social evaluation should increase their physiological reactivity to evaluative stressors. However, very few studies have assessed the physiological correlates of narcissism. In this study, participants completed an evaluative laboratory stressor or a non-evaluative control task. Cortisol reactivity-a marker of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress response-and negative affect (NA) were higher in the stress versus control condition. However, men showed larger cortisol responses and, among men, higher narcissism scores predicted greater cortisol reactivity and larger increases in NA. Narcissism was unrelated to cortisol reactivity and NA among women and in the control condition. These findings highlight the influence of defensive personality traits on HPA reactivity and suggest a pathway through which narcissistic traits might influence long-term health outcomes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many previous studies found substantial sex differences in the association between narcissism and emotion regulation, suggesting that primarily men display emotional deficits associated with narcissism.
“Lastly, many previous studies found substantial sex differences in the association between narcissism and emotion regulation, suggesting that primarily men display emotional deficits associated with narcissism (Morf and Rhodenwalt, 2001; Edelstein et al., 2010; Reinhard et al., 2012; Jauk et al., 2016a, 2017).”
From The Relationship between Grandiose and Vulnerable (Hypersensitive) Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Edelstein et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,644 · see citing works
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001 · Cited by 10,647 · see citing works
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119004 · Cited by 6,093 · see citing works
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881 · see citing works
Pruessner, J. C., Kirschbaum, C., Meinlschmid, G., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00108-7 · Cited by 3,638 · see citing works
The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders: Overview of Physical and Behavioral Homeostasis
Chrousos, G. P. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034 · Cited by 2,689 · see citing works
Raskin, R. N., & Terry, H. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890 · Cited by 2,509 · see citing works
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.5.890 · Cited by 2,267 · see citing works
Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1204_1 · Cited by 2,215 · see citing works
Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
A Narcissistic Personality Inventory.
Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590 · Cited by 1,975 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Narcissism is characterized by arrogance, feelings of grandiosity, a sense of entitlement, lack of empathy, and interpersonally exploitive behavior (Emmons, 1987; Raskin & Hall, 1979).”
Kirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Gaab, J., Schommer, N. C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199903000-00006 · Cited by 1,890 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These differences may have been due in part to females’ oral contraceptive use (e.g., Kirschbaum, Pirke, & Hellhammer, 1995), although there is evidence for greater reactivity among men even when birth control use is considered (e.g., Kirschbaum et al., 1999).”
Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review
Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.009 · Cited by 1,624 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: "Putting the Self Into Self-Conscious Emotions: A Theoretical Model"
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01 · Cited by 1,462 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Preedy, V., & Watson, R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_5485 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Narcissism: Theory and measurement.
Emmons, R. A. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.11 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self enhancement: a mixed blessing?
Paulhus, D. L. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1197 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
John, O. P., & Robins, R. W. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.206 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Kudielka, B. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Wüst, S. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.004 · Cited by 963 · see citing works
Factor analysis and construct validity of the narcissistic personality inventory.
Emmons, R. A. (1984) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_11 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Paulhus, D. L., & John, O. P. (1998) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00041 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence
Anderson, C. J. (2005) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2005.s7 · Cited by 848 · see citing works
Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress
Stroud, L. R., Salovey, P., & Epel, E. S. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01333-1 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202239051 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
HPA axis activation by a socially evaluated cold-pressor test
Schwabe, L., Haddad, L., & Schächinger, H. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.001 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
The performance of narcissists rises and falls with perceived opportunity for glory.
Wallace, H. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.819 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Chida, Y., & Hamer, M. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0013342 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Individual differences in narcissism: Inflated self-views across the lifespan and around the world
Foster, J. D., Keith Campbell, W., & Twenge, J. M. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00026-6 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Kudielka, B. M., Schommer, N. C., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.08.009 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Acute Threat to the Social Self: Shame, Social Self-esteem, and Cortisol Activity
Gruenewald, T. L., Kemeny, M. E., Aziz, N., & Fahey, J. L. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000143639.61693.ef · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Narcissism and romantic attraction.
Campbell, W. K. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1254 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Narcissistic Illusions in Self‐Evaluations of Intelligence and Attractiveness
Gabriel, M. T., Critelli, J. W., & Ee, J. S. (1994) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00798.x · Cited by 478 · see citing works
6 The Narcissistic Self: Background, an Extended Agency Model, and Ongoing Controversies
Campbell, W. K., & Foster, J. D. (2015) · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Does self-love lead to love for others? A story of narcissistic game playing.
Campbell, W. K., Foster, C. A., & Finkel, E. J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.340 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Campbell, W. K., & Campbell, S. M. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860802505129 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Methodological Issues in Aging Research.
Spiro, A., Schaie, K. W., Campbell, R. T., Meredith, W., & Rawlings, S. C. (1990) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072533 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Estimating between- and within-individual variation in cortisol levels using multilevel models
Hruschka, D. J., Kohrt, B. A., & Worthman, C. M. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.03.002 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Thomaes, S. C. E., Bushman, B. J., Stegge, H., & Olthof, T. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01226.x · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Nicolson, N. A. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976244.n3 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Rohleder, N., Beulen, S. E., Chen, E., Wolf, J. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206293986 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Dickerson, S. S., Mycek, P. J., & Zaldivar, F. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.116 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1995) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)00078-o · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Peters, M. L., Godaert, G. L. R., BALLIEUX, R. E., van Vliet, M., Willemsen, J. J., Sweep, F. C. G. J., & Heijnen, C. J. (1998) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(97)00082-6 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Handbook of Physiological Research Methods in Health Psychology
Luecken, L. J., & Gallo, L. C. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976244 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Federenko, I. S., Nagamine, M., Hellhammer, D. H., Wadhwa, P. D., & Wüst, S. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0981 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Children's and adults' salivary cortisol responses to an identical psychosocial laboratory stressor.
Yim, I. S., Quas, J., Cahill, L., & Hayakawa, C. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.014 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationNarcissism and Intrinsic Motivation: The Role of Goal Congruence
Morf, C. C., Weir, C. R., & Davidov, M. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1421 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Rhodewalt, F. T., & Eddings, S. K. (2002) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.2002.2342 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Abelson, J. L., Liberzon, I., Young, E. A., & Khan, S. A. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.668 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Methodological Issues in Aging Research
Schaie, K. W., & Caskie, I. L. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470756676.ch2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Psychophysiological characteristics of narcissism during active and passive coping
Kelsey, R. M., Ornduff, S. R., McCann, C. M., & Reiff, S. (2001) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3820292 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-reported narcissism and shame: Testing the defensive self-esteem and continuum hypotheses
Watson, P. J., Hickman, S. E., & Morris, R. J. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00063-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Shamed into self-love: Dynamics, roots, and functions of narcissism.
Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., & Shaver, P. R. (2001) · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Psychoneuroendocrinology: The Scientific Basis of Clinical Practice
Wolkowitz, O. M., & Rothschild, A. J. (2003) · The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Psychoneuroendocrinology: The Scientific Basis of Clinical Practice
Peiris, A. N. (2004) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-200401000-00036 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Narcissism and Cardiovascular Reactivity to Rejection Imagery1
Sommer, K. L., Kirkland, K. L., Newman, S. R., Estrella, P., & Andreassi, J. L. (2009) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00473.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Foster, J. D. (2008) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407507087956 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The role of cortisol reactivity in children's and adults' memory of a prior stressful experience
Quas, J. A., Yim, I. S., Edelstein, R. S., Cahill, L. F., & Rush, E. B. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20505 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThree Types of Narcissism in Women from College to Mid‐Life
Wink, P. M. (1992) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00263.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kudielka, B. M., Wüst, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2007) · Encyclopedia of Stress · doi:10.1016/b978-012373947-6.00681-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Narcissism, identification, and longitudinal change in psychological health: Dynamic predictions
Cramer, P., & Jones, C. J. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Defensive personality effects on cardiovascular health: A review of the evidence.
Rutledge, T. R. (2006) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Arch, J. J., Brown, K. W., Dean, D. J., Landy, L. N., Brown, K. D., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.018 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Liu, J. J. W., Ein, N., Peck, K., Huang, V., Pruessner, J. C., & Vickers, K. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.007 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
The Relationship between Grandiose and Vulnerable (Hypersensitive) Narcissism
Jauk, E., Weigle, E., Lehmann, K., Benedek, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01600 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Narcissists’ social pain seen only in the brain
Cascio, C. N., Konrath, S. H., & Falk, E. B. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu072 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Can neuroscience help to understand narcissism? A systematic review of an emerging field
Jauk, E., & Kanske, P. (2021) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2021.1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Expensive egos: narcissistic males have higher cortisol.
Reinhard, D. A., Konrath, S. H., Lopez, W. D., & Cameron, H. G. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030858 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Czarna, A. Z., Zajenkowski, M., Maciantowicz, O., & Szymaniak, K. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00504-6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Narcissism and stress-reactivity: a biobehavioural health perspective
Coleman, S. R. M., Pincus, A. L., & Smyth, J. M. (2019) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2018.1547118 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Edelstein, R. S., Yim, I. S., & Quas, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Edelstein, Robin S.
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 565-572
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2976540
- OpenAlex
- W2056091713
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, Irvine
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH019958)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- narcissism, cortisol response, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, psychosocial stress, negative affect, sex differences, stress physiology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review