Prenatal and postnatal cortisol and testosterone are related to parental caregiving quality in fathers, but not in mothers
Open accessAbstract
Testosterone and cortisol have both been implicated in human parenting behavior. We investigated the relations between observed quality of caregiving during parent-child interactions and pre- and postnatal testosterone and cortisol levels, in both mothers (N = 88) and fathers (N = 57). Testosterone and cortisol were measured before and after interaction with an infant simulator (prenatal) and with their own child (postnatal) to index basal levels as well as steroid reactivity to the interaction. Our findings are that in fathers, interactions between cortisol and testosterone are related to quality of caregiving both pre- and postnatally. Prenatally there was a stronger negative relation between T and quality of caregiving in fathers with lower cortisol levels, and postnatally there was a stronger negative relation between cortisol and quality of caregiving in fathers high in testosterone levels. Furthermore, prenatal cortisol levels were related to paternal quality of caregiving during interaction with their own child. In mothers, no associations between quality of caregiving and our endocrine measures were observed. We interpret our findings in the context of hyperreactive physiological responses observed in parents at risk for insensitive caregiving, and in light of the dual-hormone hypothesis. The current findings contribute to the growing literature on the endocrine antecedents of human caregiving behavior.
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During prenatal care of a life-like infant doll, cortisol was negatively associated with quality of caregiving in fathers with high testosterone levels.
“During prenatal care of a life‐like infant doll, cortisol was negatively associated with quality of caregiving in fathers with high testosterone levels (Bos et al., 2018).”
From Birth of a Father: Fathering in the First 1,000 Days (2019) · cites this paper as Bos et al., 2018
The Results (§3.2.1.2, page unavailable) report that during prenatal care with the infant simulator, testosterone was more negatively associated with caregiving quality in fathers with *low* cortisol; the slopes for both cortisol groups were not significantly different from zero. The claimed negative association between cortisol and caregiving quality in fathers with high testosterone belongs to the postnatal session with their own infants (§3.2.2.2), not the prenatal doll interaction. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFathers' higher prenatal cortisol levels predicted lower quality of parenting 6 weeks postnatally.
“Indeed, in one study, fathers’ higher prenatal cortisol levels predicted lower quality of parenting 6 weeks postnatally (Bos et al., 2018).”
From Birth of a Father: Fathering in the First 1,000 Days (2019) · cites this paper as Bos et al., 2018
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- Authors
- Bos, P. A., Hechler, C., Beijers, R., Shinohara, K., Esposito, G., & de Weerth, C.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Nagasaki University (JP)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Bos, Peter A.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 97
- Pages
- 94-103
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2819757352
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 7.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Netherlands Society of Scientific Research (451-14-015)
- NAP-SUG program of the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Jacobs Foundation Advanced Research Fellowship
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- prenatal testosterone, father-child interaction, mother-child interaction, sex differences in parenting, dual-hormone hypothesis, parental sensitivity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Father-Child Relations, Fathers, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mothers, Netherlands, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Postnatal Care, Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Sex Factors, Testosterone, Parenting
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