The role of testosterone in social interaction
Open accessAbstract
Although animal researchers established the role of testosterone as a 'social hormone' decades ago, the investigation of its causal influence on human social behaviors has only recently begun. Here, we review and discuss recent studies showing the causal effects of testosterone on social interactions in animals and humans, and outline the basic neurobiological mechanisms that might underlie these effects. Based on these recent findings, we argue that the role of testosterone in human social behavior might be best understood in terms of the search for, and maintenance of, social status.
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Testosterone has been proposed to facilitate socioemotional mechanisms that enhance an individual's ability to achieve and maintain social dominance.
“Testosterone has been proposed to facilitate socioemotional mechanisms that enhance an individual’s ability to achieve and maintain social dominance [36].”
From Socializing a group of male Asian elephants in a semi-captive facility in Lao PDR (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
Elevated testosterone levels are associated with increased motivational drive, reduced fearfulness, and enhanced stress resilience.
“Specifically, elevated testosterone levels are associated with increased motivational drive, reduced fearfulness, and enhanced stress resilience [36,67].”
From Socializing a group of male Asian elephants in a semi-captive facility in Lao PDR (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
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Sarkar, A., Harty, S., Johnson, K. V. ‐., Moeller, A. H., Carmody, R. N., Lehto, S. M., Erdman, S. E., Dunbar, R. I. M., & Burnet, P. W. J. (2020) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/brv.12603 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Love is more than just a kiss: a neurobiological perspective on love and affection
de Boer, A., van Buel, E. M., & Ter Horst, G. J. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.017 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Testosterone Modulates Altered Prefrontal Control of Emotional Actions in Psychopathic Offenders
Volman, I., von Borries, A. K. L., Bulten, B. H., Verkes, R. J., Toni, I., & Roelofs, K. (2016) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0107-15.2016 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Reproductive steroids and ADHD symptoms across the menstrual cycle
Roberts, B., Eisenlohr-Moul, T., & Martel, M. M. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.11.015 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pubertal maturation and sex steroids are related to alcohol use in adolescents
de Water, E., Braams, B. R., Crone, E. A., & Peper, J. S. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.11.018 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Territoriality, tolerance and testosterone in wild chimpanzees
Sobolewski, M. E., Brown, J. L., & Mitani, J. C. (2012) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.09.018 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Endogenous oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone in response to group singing
Bowling, D. L., Gahr, J., Ancochea, P. G., Hoeschele, M., Canoine, V., Fusani, L., & Fitch, W. T. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105105 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Bakker-Huvenaars, M. J., Greven, C. U., Herpers, P., Wiegers, E., Jansen, A., van der Steen, R., van Herwaarden, A. E., Baanders, A. N., Nijhof, K. S., Scheepers, F., et al. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.097 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Socializing a group of male Asian elephants in a semi-captive facility in Lao PDR
López Pérez, A. B., Brown, J. L., Goldenberg, S. Z., Rey, A., & Khonmee, J. (2025) · PLOS One · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0332944 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Testosterone has been proposed to facilitate socioemotional mechanisms that enhance an individual’s ability to achieve and maintain social dominance [36].”
- Authors
- Eisenegger, C., Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Eisenegger, Christoph
- Fehr, Ernst
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 263-271
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2097402887
- Cited by
- 630
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 4.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (131154)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Keywords
- testosterone, social behavior, social status, social dominance, neurobiology of social behavior, social interaction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Motivation, Reward, Testosterone
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