The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
“If it can be done, it will be done:” AI Ethical Standards and a dual role for public relations
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The use of AI tools and technologies has also expanded in PSOs and governments, although its adoption has been slower than in the private sector (Bowen, 2024;Desouza et al., 2020;Madan & Ashok, 2023) due to the presence of specific organizational and legal barriers (Selten & Klievink, 2024).”
From Exploring the Challenges of Generative AI on Public Sector Communication in Europe (2025) · cites this paper as Bowen, 2024
In the citing paper
“Interactive governance, therefore, requires not only active participation but also a balanced approach that integrates GenAI within ethical and cooperative frameworks, ensuring effective and transparent communication between government entities and citizens (Bowen, 2024).”
From Exploring the Challenges of Generative AI on Public Sector Communication in Europe (2025) · cites this paper as Bowen, 2024
In the citing paper
“Such evolution requires communicators to undergo a paradigm shift towards a new level of professionalism, a more fluid and dynamic role, and a new sense of ethics and responsibility toward their organizations and society at large (Bowen, 2024;Smillie & Scharfbillig, 2024).”
From Exploring the Challenges of Generative AI on Public Sector Communication in Europe (2025) · cites this paper as Bowen, 2024
In the citing paper
“These professionals highlighted that the capability of these tools in processing vast amounts of personal data for targeted messaging raises privacy and ethical dilemmas (Bowen, 2024), not only limited to the field of”
From Exploring the Challenges of Generative AI on Public Sector Communication in Europe (2025) · cites this paper as Bowen, 2024
In the citing paper
“According to most of the interviewees, ensuring the accuracy, transparency, and authenticity of AI-generated communication is crucial for maintaining public trust (Bowen, 2024).”
From Exploring the Challenges of Generative AI on Public Sector Communication in Europe (2025) · cites this paper as Bowen, 2024
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Artificial Intelligence and Business Value: a Literature Review
Enholm, I. M., Papagiannidis, E., Mikalef, P., & Krogstie, J. (2022) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10186-w · Cited by 1,046
Mariani, M. M., Perez‐Vega, R., & Wirtz, J. (2022) · Psychology & Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21619 · Cited by 631
Cheng, Y., & Jiang, H. (2020) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2020.1834296 · Cited by 469
Jiang, H., Cheng, Y., Yang, J., & Gao, S. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107329 · Cited by 362
Hermann, E. (2022) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211022702 · Cited by 214
Buhmann, A., Paßmann, J., & Fieseler, C. (2020) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04226-4 · Cited by 167
Rawte, V., Chakraborty, S., Pathak, A., Sarkar, A., Tonmoy, S. M. T. I., Chadha, A., Sheth, A., & Das, A. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.155 · Cited by 119
Coombs, W. T., & Tachkova, E. R. (2023) · Management Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/08933189221151177 · Cited by 102
Research works printed but not linked: 62
- Adi, A. (Ed.). (2023a). Artificial Intelligence in public relations and communications: Cases, reflections, and predictions. Quadriga University of Applied Sciences.
- Adi, A. (Ed.). (2023b). Artificial Intelligence in Public Relations and Communications: cases, reflections, and predictions. Quadriga University of Applied Sciences.
- Anderson, 2007, Machine ethics: creating an ethical intelligent agent, AI Magazine, 28, 15
- Bivins, 1992, A systems model for ethical decision making in public relations, Public Relations Review, 18, 365, 10.1016/0363-8111(92)90029-X · doi:10.1016/0363-8111(92)90029-x
- Bostrom, 2005, Transhumanist values. Ethical issues for the 21st century, Journal of Philosophical Research, 30, 3, 10.5840/jpr_2005_26 · DOI · Paper page
- Bostrom, N., Dafoe, A., & Flynn, C. (2017). Policy desiderata in the development of superintelligent AI. In O. U. Future of Humanity Institute (Ed.). Oxford, UK.
- Botan, 1997, Ethics in strategic communication campaigns: The case for a new approach to public relations, Journal of Business Communication, 34, 188, 10.1177/002194369703400205 · doi:10.1177/002194369703400205
- Bowen, 2008, A state of neglect: Public relations as 'corporate conscience' or ethics counsel, Journal of Public Relations Research, 20, 271, 10.1080/10627260801962749 · doi:10.1080/10627260801962749
- Bowen, S.A. (2018). An issues management approach to artificial intelligence (AI) and ethics: A crisis with the rising machines? paper presented at the initial session of the BledCom 25th International Public Relations Symposium, Bled, Slovenia.
- Bowen, 2016, Ethics as a pre-cursor to organization-public relationships: Building trust before and during the OPR model., Cogent Social Sciences, 2, 10.1080/23311886.2016.1141467 · DOI
- Bowen, S. A. (in press). AI, warfare, and media. In F. Roumate & A. La Rosa (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence, Media and International Security: The Weaponization of AI Use in Media and International Security, Springer.
- Brantner, 2021, Covering Technology Risks and Responsibility: Automation, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms in the Media, International Journal of Communication, 15, 5074
- Chen, 2020, The role of leadership in shared value creation from the public’s perspective: A multi-continental study, Public Relations Review, 46, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.12.006 · DOI
- Chifu, I., & Simons, G. (Eds.). (2023). Rethinking Warfare in the 21st Century: The Influence and Effects of the Politics, Information and Communication Mix. Cambridge University Press. · doi:10.1017/9781009355247
- Coffin, 2022, Asking Questions of AI Advertising: A Maieutic Approach, Journal of Advertising, 51, 608, 10.1080/00913367.2022.2111728 · DOI
- du Plessis, 2018, Social media crisis communication: Enhancing a discourse of renewal through dialogic content, Public Relations Review, 44, 829, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.10.003 · DOI
- Galloway, 2018, Public relations and artificial intelligence: It’s not (just) about robots, Public Relations Review, 44, 734, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.10.008 · DOI
- Gaur, M., Desai, A., Faldu, K., & Sheth, A. (2020). Explainable AI using knowledge graphs. ACM CoDS-COMAD Conference, San Diego, CA.
- Gill, 2023, AI & society, knowledge, culture and communication, AI Society, 38, 1809, 10.1007/s00146-023-01759-1 · doi:10.1007/s00146-023-01759-1
- Goodpaster, 1982, Can a corporation have a conscience?, Harvard Business Review, 60, 132
- Gouda, 2020, Application of Artificial Intelligence in Advertising & Public Relations and Emerging Ethical Issues in the Ecosystem, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29, 7561
- Greene, J., Rossi, F., Tasioulas, J., Venable, K.B., & Williams, B. (2016). Embedding Ethical Principles in Collective Decision Support Systems. · DOI
- Haefner, 2020, Artificial intelligence and innovation management: A review, framework, and research agenda., Technological Forecasting Social Change, 162, 1
- Haidt, 2013, Moral psychology for the twenty-first century, Journal of Moral Education, 42, 281, 10.1080/03057240.2013.817327 · DOI
- Héder, 2023, The epistemic opacity of autonomous systems and the ethical consequences, AI Society, 38, 1819, 10.1007/s00146-020-01024-9 · DOI
- Hermann, 2022, Leveraging Artificial Intelligence in Marketing for Social Good—An Ethical Perspective, Journal of Business Ethics, 179, 43, 10.1007/s10551-021-04843-y · DOI · Paper page
- Hubinger, E., Denison, C., Mu, J., Lambert, M., Tong, M., MacDiarmid, M., Lanham, T., Ziegler, D.M., Maxwell, T., Cheng, N., Jermyn, A., Askell, A., Radhakrishnan, A., Anil, C., Duvenaud, D., Ganguli, D., Barez, F., Clark, J., Ndousse, K., … Mindermann, S. (2024). Sleepr agents: Training deceptive LLMs that persist through safety training (arXiv, Issue. 1 arXiv:2401.05566v3 [cs.CR] 17 Jan 2024. · arXiv
- Hunter, A. (2015). On Keeping Secrets: Intelligent Agents and the Ethics of Information Hiding. Artificial Intelligence and Ethics: Papers from the 2015 AAAI Workshop, Austin, TX.
- Kant, I. (1997). Groundwork of the metaphysic of morals (T. E. M. Gregor, Trans.). Cambridge. ((Original work published 1785)). · DOI · Paper page
- Kent, 2002, Toward a dialogic theory of public relations, Public Relations Review, 28, 21, 10.1016/S0363-8111(02)00108-X · DOI · Paper page
- Kim, 2021, Taking Principles Seriously: A Hybrid Approach to Value Alignment in Articial Intelligence, Journal of Articial Intelligence Research, 70, 871, 10.1613/jair.1.12481 · DOI
- Krishan, 2023, Role of Quantum Computing in Transformation of Artificial Intelligence - A Review, 2022, 293
- Lepri, 2021, Ethical machines: The human-centric use of artificial intelligence, iScience, 24, 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102249 · DOI · Paper page
- Lieber, 2008, Moral development public relations: Measuring duty to society in strategic communication, Public Relations Review, 34, 244, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.03.028 · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.03.028
- Liew, 2021, Artificial Intelligence Disruption in Public Relations: A Blessing or A Challenge?, Journal of Digital Marketing and Communication, 1, 24, 10.53623/jdmc.v1i1.45 · DOI
- Ljepava, 2022, AI-Enabled Marketing Solutions in Marketing Decision Making: AI Application in Different Stages of Marketing Process, Temario Journal, 11, 1308, 10.18421/TEM113-40 · DOI
- Mikalef, 2021, Artificial intelligence capability: Conceptualization, measurement calibration, and empirical study on its impact on organizational creativity and firm performance, Information Management, 58, 10.1016/j.im.2021.103434 · DOI · Paper page
- Musk, E., & Neuralink. (2019). An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels. bioRxiv, 703801. https://doi.org/10.1101/703801. · DOI
- Mustak, 2021, Artificial intelligence in marketing: Topic modeling, scientometric analysis, research agenda, Journal of Business Research, 124, 389, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.044 · DOI · Paper page
- Mustak, 2021, Artificial intelligence in marketing: Topic modeling, scientometric analysis, and research agenda, Journal of Business Research, 124, 389, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.044 · DOI · Paper page
- Neill, 2021, Employee perceptions of ethical listening in U.S. organizations, Public Relations Review, 47, 1, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102123 · DOI
- Neill, 2012, PR professionals as organizational conscience. Journal of Mass Media, Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality, 27, 220
- Pang, 2013, Social media hype in times of crises: Nature, characteristics and impact on organizations, Asia Pacific Media Educator, 23, 309, 10.1177/1326365X13517189 · DOI
- Pratt, 1994, Research progress in public relations ethics: An overview, Public Relations Review, 20, 217, 10.1016/0363-8111(94)90036-1 · doi:10.1016/0363-8111(94)90036-1
- Pratt, 1994, Investigating the application of Deontology among U.S. public relations practitioners. Journal of Public Relations, Research, 6, 241
- Roumate, F. (Ed.). (2021). Artificial Intelligence and Digital Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68647-5. · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68647-5
- Ryan, 1983, The pr officer as corporate conscience, Public Relations Quarterly, 28, 20
- Scheessele, 2022, The hard limit on human nonanthropocentrism, AI Society, 37, 49, 10.1007/s00146-021-01182-4 · DOI
- Sestino, 2022, Leveraging Artificial Intelligence in Business: Implications, Applications and Methods, Technology Analysis Strategic Management, 34, 16, 10.1080/09537325.2021.1883583 · DOI
- Sheth, A., & Roy, K. (2024). Neurosymbolic value-inspired AI (why, what, and how). IEEE Intelligent Systems., (Accepted article). · DOI
- Sims, 1991, The institutionalization of organizational ethics, Journal of Business Ethics, 10, 493, 10.1007/BF00383348 · DOI
- Sims, R.R. (1994). Ethics and organizational decision making: A call for renewal. Quorum. · doi:10.5040/9798216967255
- Singer, P. (Ed.). (1994). Ethics. Oxford University Press.
- Soriano, 2021, Engaging universe 4.0: The case for forming a public relations-strategic intelligence hybrid, Public Relations Review, 47
- Spicer, 2000, Public relations in a democratic society: Value and values, Journal of Public Relations Research, 12, 115, 10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1201_7 · doi:10.1207/s1532754xjprr1201_7
- Vlačić, 2021, The evolving role of artificial intelligence in marketing: A review and research agenda, Journal of Business Research, 128, 187, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.055 · DOI · Paper page
- Whittlestone, 2021, The Societal Implications of Deep Reinforcement Learning, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 70, 1003, 10.1613/jair.1.12360 · DOI
- Wright, 1985, Can age predict the moral values of public relations practitioners?, Public Relations Review, 11, 51, 10.1016/S0363-8111(85)80061-8 · doi:10.1016/s0363-8111(85)80061-8
- Wright, 1989, Ethics research in public relations: An overview, Public Relations Review, 15, 3, 10.1016/S0363-8111(89)80049-9 · doi:10.1016/s0363-8111(89)80049-9
- Xu, S., Kee, K.F., Li, W., Yamamoto, M., & Riggs, R.E. Examining the Diffusion of Innovations from a Dynamic, Differential-Effects Perspective: A Longitudinal Study on AI Adoption Among Employees. Communication Research, 0(0), 00936502231191832. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502231191832. · DOI
- Zerfass, 2020, Artificial intelligence in communication management: A cross-national study on adoption and knowledge, impact, challenges and risks, Journal of Communication Management, 24, 377, 10.1108/JCOM-10-2019-0137 · DOI
- Zhao, 2020, How publics react to situational and renewing organizational responses across crises: Examining SCCT and DOR in social-mediated crises, Public Relations Review, 46, 10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101944 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
(2025) · doi:10.3390/electronics14071294 · Cited by 55
Exploring the Challenges of Generative AI on Public Sector Communication in Europe
Lovari, A., & De Rosa, F. (2025) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.9644 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Bowen, S. A.
- Venue
- Public Relations Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-12
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 102513
- ISSN
- 0363-8111
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 8
- Language
- en
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
- Funders
- South Carolina Research Foundation
- National Science Foundation
- University of Southern California
- National Science Foundation Directorate for Technology Innovation and Partnerships (2137806)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.