Effect of a ketogenic diet on autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review
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The ketogenic diet is an effective treatment for epileptic patients who fail to respond to anticonvulsant medications.
“The KD is a high fat and low-carbohydrate diet and it is an effective treatment for epileptic patients that fails in responding to anticonvulsant medications [84].”
From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
Excessive sodium consumption was reported in ASD, probably due to consumption of packaged foods.
“Excessive consumption of sodium was reported [79,84], probably due to the consumption of packaged foods.”
From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
Administration of ketogenic diet to individuals with ASD showed positive effects especially for mild and moderate cases and some reports of improvements in seizure symptoms and behavioral deficits.
“The administration of KD to individuals with ASD underlined positive effects especially for mild and moderate cases and some reports of improvements in seizure symptoms and behavioral deficits [84,107].”
From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
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Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Gut Microbiota
Fattorusso, A., Di Genova, L., Dell’Isola, G., Mencaroni, E., & Esposito, S. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030521 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
“FMT consists of transferring the faecal microbiota from healthy volunteers to patients with gut dysbiosis [5], and this may alleviate GI and neurobehavioural symptoms in children with ASD by rebalancing the physiological intestinal microbiota [173].”
BackgroundAutism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions
Ristori, M. V., Quagliariello, A., Reddel, S., Ianiro, G., Vicari, S., Gasbarrini, A., & Putignani, L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112812 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“In a systematic review of KD in ASD it was concluded that the limited number of reports of improvements after treatment with the diet is not sufficient to attest to the practicability of KD as a treatment for the disorder [84].”
BackgroundInfluentialKetogenic diet versus gluten free casein free diet in autistic children: a case-control study
El-Rashidy, O. F., El-Baz, F. M., Gendy, Y. G. E., Khalaf, R. I., Reda, D., & Saad, K. (2017) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0088-z · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The Current Status of the Ketogenic Diet in Psychiatry
Bostock, E. C. S., Kirkby, K. C., & Taylor, B. V. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00043 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“In a systematic review of KD in ASD it was concluded that the limited number of reports of improvements after treatment with the diet is not sufficient to attest to the practicability of KD as a treatment for the disorder (73).”
BackgroundThe Role of Microbiome, Dietary Supplements, and Probiotics in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sivamaruthi, B. S., Suganthy, N., Kesika, P., & Chaiyasut, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082647 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“However, several issues must be considered before using KD for treating the condition of ASD in human, such as GI-associated conflicts, food selectivity, low tolerance level of the food and nutrient deficiency due to low consumption [80,81].”
BackgroundKetogenic diet improves behaviors in a maternal immune activation model of autism spectrum disorder
Ruskin, D. N., Murphy, M. I., Slade, S. L., & Masino, S. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171643 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Our (Mother’s) Mitochondria and Our Mind
Krämer, P., & Bressan, P. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617718356 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“A multitude of other neurological and nonneurological conditions have been reported to get better with a ketogenic diet, including autism (Castro et al., 2015), Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, and stroke (Barañano & Hartman, 2008; Gano et al.”
BackgroundHarvey, C., Schofield, G., Williden, M., & McQuillan, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2018/2630565 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Babinska, K., Celusakova, H., Belica, I., Szapuova, Z., Waczulikova, I., Nemcsicsova, D., Tomova, A., & Ostatnikova, D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176372 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Although the evidence is promising, data are still limited, and insufficient to encourage KD as a treatment for ASD [54].”
BackgroundHarvey, C., Schofield, G., & Williden, M. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4488 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“The diet also offers specific benefits for health conditions ranging from neurological disorders, obesity, and diabetes and other conditions on the spectrum of metabolic syndrome, and offers potential for the adjunct treatment of various cancers (Lefevre & Aronson, 2000; Keene, 2006; Levy et al., 2012; Henderson et al…”
BackgroundSystematic review and guide to management of core and psychiatric symptoms in youth with autism
Ameis, S. H., Kassee, C., Corbett-Dick, P., Cole, L. L., Dadhwal, S., Lai, M., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M., & Correll, C. U. (2018) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12918 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“One Cochrane review of gluten/casein-free diets (two trials, with n = 35 children) (37), one systematic review of ketogenic diets (107), one Cochrane review of secretin (16 trials, with n > 900 children with ASD) (38), one Cochrane review of chelation (one trial, n = 77) (39), one Cochrane review of hyperbaric oxygen…”
BackgroundTrudeau, M. S., Madden, R. F., Parnell, J. A., Gibbard, W. B., & Shearer, J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081783 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Harvey, C., Schofield, G., Zinn, C., Thornley, S., Crofts, C., & Merien, F. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.6273 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“INTRODUCTION Low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) and very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (VLCKD) are increasingly used for the management of a range of health conditions, including neurological disorders, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and various cancers (Castro et al., 2015; Henderson et al., 2006; Keene, 20…”
BackgroundUpdates on the ketogenic diet therapy for pediatric epilepsy
Ko, A., Kwon, H. E., & Kim, H. D. (2021) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bj.2021.11.003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“[80] Castro K, Faccioli LS, Baronio D, Gottfried C, Perry IS, dos Santos Riesgo R.”
BackgroundNovel treatments for autism spectrum disorder based on genomics and systems biology
Baribeau, D. A., & Anagnostou, E. A. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107939 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder: New perspectives from the gut-brain axis
Doenyas, C. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Larroya, A., Pantoja, J., Codoñer‐Franch, P., & Cénit, M. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.705859 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ketogenic diet in children and adolescents: The effects on growth and nutritional status
Corsello, A., Trovato, C. M., Profio, E. D., Cardile, S., Campoy, C., Zuccotti, G., Verduci, E., & Diamanti, A. (2023) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106780 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Penna, E., Pizzella, A., Cimmino, F., Trinchese, G., Cavaliere, G., Catapano, A., Allocca, I., Chun, J. T., Campanozzi, A., Messina, G., et al. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10110805 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Although these studies suggest KD as a promising therapeutic treatment for ASD, the molecular mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects need to be investigated further [125].”
BackgroundExploring Dietary Interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Pérez-Cabral, I. D., Bernal-Mercado, A. T., Islas-Rubio, A. R., Suárez-Jiménez, G. M., Robles-García, M. Á., Puebla-Duarte, A. L., & Del‐Toro‐Sánchez, C. L. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13183010 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“This neuroprotective diet is often recommended for neurological disorders that are neurodegenerative or that have a metabolic defect, for instance, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, migraines, etc., to lessen symptoms, and it has shown overall cognitive improvements [171].”
BackgroundKittana, M., Ahmadani, A., Al-Marzooq, F. I., & Attlee, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113818 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Influence of almond and coconut flours on Ketogenic, Gluten-Free cupcakes
Hopkin, L., Broadbent, H. S., & Ahlborn, G. J. (2021) · Food Chemistry X · doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100182 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Harvey, C., Schofield, G., Zinn, C., & Thornley, S. (2019) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nutx.2019.100005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
OTİZM SPEKTRUM BOZUKLUKLARI TEDAVİSİNDE BESLENME YAKLAŞIMLARI
Aktitiz, S., YALÇIN, E., & Göktaş, Z. (2019) · Sağlık Akademisi Kastamonu · doi:10.25279/sak.435435 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Recent aspects of ketogenic diet in neurological disorders
Kwon, H. E., & Kim, H. D. (2021) · Acta Epileptologica · doi:10.1186/s42494-021-00053-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“KD: Ketogenic diet; KBs: Ketone bodies; AEDs: Anti-epileptic drugs; DRE: Drug-resistant epilepsy; MCTs: Medium-chain triglycerides; MAD: Modified Atkin’s diet; LGIT: Low glycemic index treatment; ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; FIRES: Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome; GABA: γ-aminobu…”
BackgroundInfluentialMechanical, sensory, and consumer evaluation of ketogenic, gluten‐free breads
Gillespie, R., & Ahlborn, G. J. (2021) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.2308 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Email: gene_ahlborn@byu.edu K E Y W O R D S almond flour, bread, gluten- free, ketogenic, oat bran fiber disorders, including Autism, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and as an alternative for treating/reducing seizures (Castro et al., 2015; Davis et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMarano, G., Sfratta, G., Marzo, E. M., Cozzo, G., Abate, F., Traversi, G., Mazza, O., Capristo, E., Gaetani, E., & Mazza, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12111561 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The ketogenic diet (KD), initially developed for refractory epilepsy, has shown preliminary benefits on seizures and behavior in ASD, but evidence is still limited and side effects significant [227,233].”
Diet and Supplementation Targeted for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Garcia, M. J., Mcpherson, P., Patel, S., & Burns, C. (2017) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61738-1_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Scoping Literature Review of the Relation between Nutrition and ASD Symptoms in Children
van der Wurff, I. S. M., Oenema, A., de Ruijter, D., Vingerhoets, C., van Amelsvoort, T., Rutten, B. P. F., Mulkens, S., Köhler, S., Schols, A. M. W. J., & de Groot, R. H. M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14071389 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Castro 2015 SR [38] Ketogenic diet Behavioral symptoms 2 trials 2/2 studies all participants showed improved scores on the CARS (unclear whether these improvements were sig.”
BackgroundCliment-Pérez, P., Martínez‐González, A. E., & Andreo‐Martínez, P. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11080931 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Finally, further research is required on this topic in order to facilitate early diagnosis and provide tools for a better prognosis of ASD in children and teenagers.”
BackgroundSpecialized Diet Therapies: Exploration for Improving Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Bjørklund, G., Meguid, N. A., Dadar, M., Pivina, L. M., Kałużna‐Czaplińska, J., Jóźwik-Pruska, J., Aaseth, J., Chartrand, M. S., Waly, M. I., Al-Farsi, Y. M., et al. (2020) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867327666200217101908 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Revolutionizing animal sciences: Multifaceted solutions and transformative impact of AI technologies
Talebi, E., & Khosravinezhad, M. (2024) · CABI Reviews · doi:10.1079/cabireviews.2024.0002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dogan, D. A., & Görgü, E. (2022) · Journal of Qualitative Research in Education · doi:10.14689/enad.30.5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Food and the gut: relevance to some of the autisms
Whiteley, P. (2017) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665117002798 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The use of a ketogenic diet, high fat, low carbohydrate, in cases of autism for example, has some supporting evidence of effect((26)).”
BackgroundRezaei, S., Kavoosi, M., Badv, R. S., Mohammadi, M., Zamani, G., Ashrafi, M. R., Yekaninejad, M. S., & Mahmoudi, M. (2017) · Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics · doi:10.5812/compreped.12609 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Primarily, KD was introduced to treat intractable epilepsy in 1921 (1), however, in the recent years, use of KD expanded to the other diseases including inherent metabolic diseases (2), autism (3), and glioblastoma (4).”
BackgroundAdıgüzel, E., Bağçovan, B., Bozkurt, N. M., Ünal, G., & Waszkiewicz, N. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18050777 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dehghani, E., Karimi, K., Arekhi, S., Ardeshir, M., Rezapour, R., Shayestehfar, M., & Memari, A. H. (2025) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-025-01043-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Furthermore, several systematic reviews have investigated the role of gluten-and casein-free diets [24], ketogenic diets [25], and specific carbohydrate diets in improving GI symptoms in ADHD patients [26].”
Could Gut Modulation through Probiotic Supplementation Be Beneficial in Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Khatib, R. E., Karam‐Sarkis, D., Waligora‐Dupriet, A., & Butel, M. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.89375 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota As The Mechanism Enabling the Effects of Environment and Diet on Autism
Doenyas, C. (2019) · Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi · doi:10.5222/tmcd.2019.113 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Bu nedenlerden ötürü ketojenik beslenmenin henüz iyileştirici bir ilacı bulunmayan ve farklı tedavilere yanıt veren alt gruplar içeren otizmde bir araştırma hedefi olarak incelenebileceği önerilmiştir (22).”
Nutrition Therapy Approaches in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
AKHALİL, M., Çiftçi, S., & Batu, Z. (2023) · Farabi Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.59518/farabimedj.1237543 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Autism in Children Connected with Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Walecki, P. K., Kawala‐Sterniuk, A., & Siwek, J. (2018) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.79863 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The studies showed that in patients who were characterized with a higher CARS score, the improvement in the results of ketogenic diet treatment was lower than in patients with moderate or light ASD [35].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAdvances in Ketogenic Diet Therapies in Pediatric Epilepsy
Enkhtuy, B., Kwon, H. E., & Kim, H. D. (2019) · Annals of Child Neurology · doi:10.26815/acn.2019.00192 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The use of KDTs for treating autism is increasingly reported and, according to a systematic review in 2015, eight studies (five human and three animal) had tested the effect of KDTs in autism [76].”
MethodTong, C. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.nutos.2024.07.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mishra, A. P., Marrelli, L. M., Bonner-Reid, F. T., Shekhawat, P., Toney, R., Benipal, I. K., Dias, H. A., Kandi, A., & Siddiqui, H. F. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.88579 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“A systematic review of the KD in ASD concluded that the limited number of reports on its effectiveness is insufficient to support its widespread use as a treatment for the disorder [75].”
The role of intestinal flora in autism and nutritional approaches
Ekmekçi, A. M. (2020) · Demiroglu Science University Florence Nightingale Transplantation Journal · doi:10.5606/dsufnjt.2020.017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“There are studies that it worsens side effects such as constipation and reflux.[49] After the KD in mice with autism and epilepsy models, sociability was improved in female mice and repetitive behaviors were reduced, but behavioral improvements were more limited in males.”
BackgroundBlagonravova, A. S., Zhilyaeva, T. V., & Kvashnina, D. V. (2021) · Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology · doi:10.36233/0372-9311-84 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Systematic Review Comparison of Ketogenic Dietary Treatment Efficacy for Alzheimer’s Disease
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Understanding mania in bipolar disorder : perspectives on causation and pathogenesis
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Adopting High Fat Diets for Fat Loss and Improving Brain Health.
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Voeding en ADHD en autismespectrumstoornissen (ASS)
Hamer, I. C. D. W. (2020) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2596-2_1
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The lived experience of healthy adults following a ketogenic diet: A qualitative study
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Atuação do nutricionista em neurociência nutricional
Moreira, J. D., Ceolin, G., Ribeiro, L. C., Antunes, L. D. C., & Rieger, D. K. (2025) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/1678-9865202538e240184pt
Nutrition practice and research in the age of nutritional neuroscience
Moreira, J. D., Ceolin, G., Ribeiro, L. C., Antunes, L. D. C., & Rieger, D. K. (2025) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/1678-9865202538e240184en
Rewiring the brain: Ketogenic diet and gut microbiota in nervous system development
Jędrusik, J., & Setkowicz, Z. (2026) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2026.113106
- Authors
- Castro, K., Faccioli, L. S., Baronio, D., Gottfried, C., Perry, I. S., & dos Santos Riesgo, R.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Castro, Kamila
- Venue
- Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 20
- Pages
- 31-38
- ISSN
- 1878-0237 (ISSN-L)
- 1750-9467
- OpenAlex
- W1234879812
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 0.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research in Autism (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
- Rio Grande do Sul Research Foundation (FAPERGS)
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Research and Event Incentive Fund (FIPE)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- ketogenic diet, autism spectrum disorder, dietary therapy, BTBR mice, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, animal models of autism
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