Dietary adequacy of children with autism compared with controls and the impact of restricted diet
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Children with autism (AUT) may consume a restricted diet relative to typical peers, whether due to therapeutic measures or sensory sensitivities. The objective of this study was to compare children with AUT with both typically developing (TYP) and developmentally delayed children on nutrient and food group intake and overall diet quality and to evaluate the impact of diet restriction. METHODS: Three-day food records and interview information were analyzed from 69 children with AUT, 14 children with developmental delay, and 37 TYP children, drawn from a larger longitudinal study. RESULTS: Children with AUT did not differ significantly from children with other developmental delays on any dietary measures. Although there were differences in the average intake of some nutrients between AUT and typical controls, only calcium and dairy were also less likely to be consumed in adequate amounts by the AUT group. Intentional diet restriction accounted for most of the differences between AUT and typical controls. On average, all groups had inadequate fiber, vitamin D, and vegetable intake. Inadequate intake of folate, grains, and dairy was noted for the AUT subgroup with intentional diet restrictions. Children in the AUT group not following a restricted diet received significantly worse Healthy Eating Index-2005 scores than those following a restricted diet and typical controls. These differences were not nutritionally significant. CONCLUSIONS: When evaluating nutritional adequacy of children with AUT, special consideration should be given to calcium, folate, dairy, and grains. Diets of all children with AUT should be evaluated for idiosyncratic deficiencies because of unique dietary patterns.
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A large proportion of both groups did not meet the dietary recommended intake for vitamin D (88% of children with ASD and 75% of typically developing children, p = 0.16), a finding confirmed by others.
“A large proportion of both groups did not meet the dietary recommended intake for vitamin D (88% of children with ASD and 75% of typically developing children, p = 0.16), a finding confirmed by others [137,138].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [137]
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- Authors
- Graf-Myles, J., Farmer, C., Thurm, A., Royster, C., Kahn, P., Soskey, L., Rothschild, L., & Swedo, S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 449-459
- ISSN
- 0196-206X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3819433
- OpenAlex
- W2149205957
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Rural Development Administration
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (Z01MH002868)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, nutritional adequacy, restrictive diets, nutrient intake, food group intake, diet quality, Healthy Eating Index-2005, calcium intake, dairy consumption, folic acid, fibers, vitamin D, vegetable consumption, grain consumption, developmental delay, sensory sensitivity, children
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Caseins, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Diet, Diet Surveys, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Case-Control Studies, Soybean Proteins, Diet, Gluten-Free
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