Nitrite: A physiological store of nitric oxide and modulator of mitochondrial function
Open accessAbstract
Nitrite, long considered a biologically inert metabolite of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation, is now accepted as a physiological storage pool of NO that can be reduced to bioactive NO in hypoxic conditions to mediate a spectrum of physiological responses in blood and tissue. This graphical review will provide a broad overview of the role of nitrite in physiology, focusing on its formation and reduction to NO as well as its regulation of the mitochondrion- an emerging subcellular target for its biological actions in tissues.
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NO deficiency is associated with impaired mitochondrial function.
“Emerging evidence suggests that NO deficiency is associated with impaired mitochondrial function”
From Inorganic nitrite supplementation for healthy arterial aging (2014) · cites this paper as [167]
Restoration of NO bioavailability induces mitochondrial biogenesis.
“and that restoration of NO bioavailability induces mitochondrial biogenesis (127, 135, 167, 168)”
From Inorganic nitrite supplementation for healthy arterial aging (2014) · cites this paper as [167]
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“Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Redox Biology 2213-23 http://d $This Commo reprodu n Corr Pittsbur E-m journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/redox Graphical Review Nitrite: A physiological store of nitric oxide and modulator of mitochondrial function$ Sruti Shiva n”
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“…(CcOx) (Castello et al., 2006) or NOS (Vanin et al., 2007), represent a relevant NO source in hypoxic and acidic intracellular micro-environments (Shiva, 2013; Sparacino-Watkins et al., 2014) after exercise (Cosby et al., 2003) or ischaemia/reperfusion injury andmyocardial ischaemic conditioning…”
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“In this enterosalivary pathway, ingested NO3 - is reduced to NO2 - with aid of the mouth microbiota and then to NO in the tissues via a number of endogenous catalysts (43).”
Dietary nitrate supplementation in cardiovascular health: an ergogenic aid or exercise therapeutic?
Woessner, M. N., McIlvenna, L. C., Ortiz de Zevallos, J., Neil, C. J., & Allen, J. D. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00414.2017 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“For further information on this area 827 see: (79, 203).”
BackgroundImbalance Between Oxidative Stress and Growth Factors in Human High Myopia
Mérida, S., Villar, V. M., Návea, A., Desco, C., Sancho‐Tello, M., Peris‐Martínez, C., & Bosch‐Morell, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00463 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Even though nitrite has long since been considered a final metabolite of nitric oxide, this role has been recently revised in the literature and could act as a storage pool of NO, which can be reduced to nitric oxide under hypoxic conditions (Shiva, 2013).”
BackgroundMalhotra, V., Agrawal, R., Duncan, T. R., Saini, D. K., & Clark‐Curtiss, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m114.591800 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Genetic biosensors for imaging nitric oxide in single cells
Eroğlu, E., Charoensin, S., Bischof, H., Ramadani‐Muja, J., Gottschalk, B., Depaoli, M. R., Waldeck‐Weiermair, M., Graier, W. F., & Malli, R. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.027 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Interestingly, recent studies indicated that NO can be reformed from NO2 and NO3 under certain conditions in vivo [81,82].”
BackgroundAlternate and Additional Functions of Erythrocyte Hemoglobin
Kosmachevskaya, O. V., & Topunov, A. F. (2018) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297918120155 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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“trajectory grant (17-57) from the Junior Scientific Masterclass (JSM) of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands.”
Guimarães, D. A., Rizzi, É., Ceron, C. S., Pinheiro, L. C., Gerlach, R. F., & Tanus-Santos, J. E. (2013) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2013.11.004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Examining this possibility is very important because NO production from nitrite occurs mostly in tissues [7] and therefore assessing tissue nitrite levels may improve our understanding of how the nitrite–NO pathway mediates critical functions [8].”
BackgroundNitric oxide: To be or not to be an endocrine hormone?
Bahadoran, Z., Carlström, M., Mirmiran, P., & Ghasemi, A. (2020) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.13443 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kim, M., Kim, S., Yang, W., & Sim, J. (2022) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111279 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Nitric oxide signaling in yeast
Astuti, R. I., Nasuno, R., & Takagi, H. (2016) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7827-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“NO) (Shiva 2013).”
BackgroundBurnley-Hall, N., Willis, G. R., Davis, J., Rees, A., & James, P. E. (2016) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.12.005 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Skeletal Muscle Nitrate as a Regulator of Systemic Nitric Oxide Homeostasis
Piknova, B., Schechter, A. N., Park, J. W., Vanhatalo, A., & Jones, A. M. (2021) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000272 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Endogenous Hemoprotein-Dependent Signaling Pathways of Nitric Oxide and Nitrite
Dent, M. R., DeMartino, A. W., Tejero, J., & Gladwin, M. T. (2021) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01048 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rockwood, G. A., Thompson, D. E., & Petrikovics, I. (2016) · Toxicology and Industrial Health · doi:10.1177/0748233715622713 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Despite its therapeutic advantages by nitric oxide formation (Shiva, 2013), sodium nitrite, at the recommended doses, can produce methemoglobinemia (Chen and Rose, 1952; Klimmek et al.”
BackgroundTripathi, M. K., Ojha, S. K., Kartawy, M., Халиулин, И. Г., Hamoudi, W., & Amal, H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50248-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“NO is a signaling free radical molecule that regulates numerous physiological functions 55,56 , including glutamate metabolism in the brain 57 .”
Ma, J., Ma, Y., Shuaib, A. M., & Winship, I. R. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69122-8 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Yen, H., Chen, T.-W., Yang, T.-C., Wei, H., Hsu, J.-C., & Lin, C. (2015) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715762.2015.1080363 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dietary nitrate improves cardiac contractility via enhanced cellular Ca2+ signaling
Pironti, G., Ivarsson, N., Yang, J., Farinotti, A. B., Jonsson, W. O., Zhang, S., Bas, D. B., Svensson, C. I., Westerblad, H., Weitzberg, E., et al. (2016) · Basic Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00395-016-0551-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Xia, D., Guo, Y., Xu, R., & Li, N. (2025) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03135-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“NO could be then oxidized to nitrate by myoglobin and hemoglobin in the body [40], and studies have revealed that nitrate can be converted into nitrite in the body, creating a nitrite-nitrate-NO cycle.”
He, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhou, Z., He, J., Liu, Y., Xiao, Y., Long, L., Deng, O., Xiao, H., Shen, F., et al. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159785 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ansari, F. A., & Mahmood, R. (2016) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.10628 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Nitrite plays important roles in mediating cellular respiration, immunity, cell signaling, and normal functioning (Shiva, 2013).”
BackgroundSchnabel, U., Balazinski, M., Wagner, R., Stachowiak, J., Boehm, D., Andrasch, M., Bourke, P., & Ehlbeck, J. (2021) · Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102745 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Arranged after (Biology of the Nitrogen Cycle, 2007; Cammack et al., 1999; Chan, Xing, Magliozzo, & Bloom, 1992; Shank, Silliker, & Harper, 1962; Shiva, 2013; Torres et al., 2016; Vázquez-Torres & Bäumler, 2016).”
Bahadoran, Z., Mirmiran, P., Carlström, M., & Ghasemi, A. (2021) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2021.09.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Carbonic anhydrase II does not exhibit Nitrite reductase or Nitrous Anhydrase Activity
Andring, J. T., Lomelino, C. L., Tu, C., Silverman, D. N., McKENNA, R. V., & Swenson, E. R. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.015 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nitrosative stress and cytokines are linked with the severity of sepsis and organ dysfunction
Kumar, S., Gupta, E., Srivastava, V. K., Kaushik, S., Saxena, J., Goyal, L., Mehta, S. K., & Jyoti, A. (2018) · British Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1080/09674845.2018.1543160 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Nitrite is a stable and inert metabolite of NO that mediates a range of physiological responses in blood and tissue [16,20].”
BackgroundAlterations in platelet bioenergetics in Group 2 PH-HFpEF patients
Nguyen, Q. L., Wang, Y., Helbling, N. L., Simon, M. A. M., & Shiva, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220490 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“However, acute nitrite or pure NO during hypoxia are known to inhibit mitochondrial respiration through its binding to complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) [26, 54].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSoliman, M. M., Aldhahrani, A., & Metwally, M. M. M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85264-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“96 Ethyl 7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)-5-methyl-4,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine-6-carboxylate 375 C16H17N5O6”
Nitric Oxide Signalling in Yeast
Astuti, R. I., Nasuno, R., & Takagi, H. (2018) · Advances in microbial physiology/Advances in Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1016/bs.ampbs.2018.01.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Biological Assessment of the NO-Dependent Endothelial Function
Boughaleb, H., Lobysheva, I. I., Zotti, F. D., Balligand, J., & Montiel, V. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27227921 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Abdel-Haq, M., Ojha, S. K., Hamoudi, W., Kumar, A., Tripathi, M. K., Халиулин, И. Г., Domb, A. J., & Amal, H. (2023) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2023.09.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Vinod, C., & Jagota, A. (2016) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-016-9656-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The non-enzymatic production of NO involves the reduction of its metabolite nitrite (Shiva 2013; Sindler et al. 2014; Zhao et al. 2015).”
BackgroundAnxiety-like behavioural effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field in rats
Djordjević, N. Z., Paunović, M. G., & Peulić, A. S. (2017) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9710-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Nitrites formed by decomposition of ONOO- in neural tissues could be reduced to NO by the neuroglobin (Shiva 2013), which leads to NO accumulation in hypothalamus.”
BackgroundRecent insights into nitrite signaling processes in blood
Helms, C. C., Liu, X., & Kim‐Shapiro, D. B. (2016) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/hsz-2016-0263 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The auto-oxidation of NO to nitrite proceeds slowly (k = 2 × 106 m−2 s−1) compared to oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrate by hemoglobin (k = 8 × 107 m−1 s−1) (Shiva, 2012).”
BackgroundRayner, P. J., Fekete, M., Gater, C. A., Ahwal, F., Turner, N., Kennerley, A. J., & Duckett, S. B. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.2c02619 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Martina, L., Asselman, C., Théry, F., Boucher, K. L., Delhaye, L., Maia, T. M., Dermaut, B., Eyckerman, S., & Impens, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.735416 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“DDAH1 has not directly been linked to infection, but as an important regulator of nitric oxide (NO) generation, the protein is an interesting target since NO plays an important role in immune defence as well as vascular regulation (Shiva, 2013; Hulin et al., 2020).”
BackgroundNesci, S., Ventrella, V., Trombetti, F., Pirini, M., & Pagliarani, A. (2015) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.11.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lynch, K. B., Chen, A., Yu, Y., Lu, J. J., & Liu, S. (2017) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.201700185 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“It has been shown that myoglobin, as an oxygen carrier, plays a vital role in preventing the heart from injury [19, 20].”
Binding of Erythrocyte Hemoglobin to the Membrane to Realize Signal-Regulatory Function (Review)
Kosmachevskaya, O. V., Nasybullina, E. I., Blindar, V. N., & Topunov, A. F. (2019) · Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology · doi:10.1134/s0003683819020091 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yu, P., Deng, M., & Yang, Y. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19194082 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Nitrite is an important intermediate in biological systems and it can be used as food additives [31].”
BackgroundPortella, R. D. L., Bickta, J., & Shiva, S. (2015) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2015.6260 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“- ), the stable oxidation product of NO, is now accepted as an endocrine reservoir of NO, which represents an alternative mechanism to generate bioactive NO, particularly in situations such as hypoxia when NO production by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes becomes oxygen limited (132, 134, 191).”
Self-citationHuman Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Is an Efficient Mammalian Nitrite Reductase
Lim, Y. J., Foo, T. C., Yeung, A. W. S., Tu, X., Ma, Y., Hawkins, C. L., Witting, P. K., Jameson, G. N. L., Terentis, A. C., & Thomas, S. R. (2018) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01231 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Differential mitochondrial dinitrosyliron complex formation by nitrite and nitric oxide
Thomas, D. D., Corey, C. G., Hickok, J. R., Wang, Y., & Shiva, S. (2017) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2017.12.007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationNitrite Reductases in Biomedicine: From Natural Enzymes to Artificial Mimics
Zhu, S., Liu, Z., Hu, B., Feng, Y., & Pan, G. (2025) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0710 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…downstream signaling that induces various biological responses, including hypoxic vasodilation, promotion of angiogenesis, modulation of glucose metabolism, enhanced exercise efficiency, regulation of mitochondrial function, and increased tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury [ 100 ].”
Holman, B. W. B., Coombs, C. E. O., Morris, S., Kerr, M. J., & Hopkins, D. L. (2018) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.01.028 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nitric oxide generation from heme/copper assembly mediated nitrite reductase activity
Hematian, S., Siegler, M. A., & Karlin, K. D. (2014) · JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00775-013-1081-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Magnetite-Based Resistor for Nitric Oxide Detection
Daniel, T. T., Majumder, S., Yadav, V. K. S., & Paily, R. P. (2020) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2020.3005398 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hidaka, M., Gotoh, A., Shimizu, T., Minamisawa, K., Imamura, H., & Uchida, T. (2015) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.687632 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pinheiro, L. C., Ferreira, G. C., de Angelis, C. D., Toledo, J. C., & Tanus-Santos, J. E. (2020) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Benyettou, I., Kharoubı, O., Hallal, N., Benyettou, H. A., Taïr, K., Belmokhtar, M., Aoues, A., & Özaslan, M. (2017) · Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/jbs.2017.106.117 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ben‐Azu, B., Toloyai, P.-E. Y., Adebesin, A., Ojiokor, V. O., Adebayo, O. G., Fokoua, A. R., Moke, G. E., Ejukolemu, E. J., Akpojevughe, I.-O. O., Abdulkadir, A. M., et al. (2024) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.07.009 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The assessment of inflammatory activity and toxicity of treated sewage using RAW 264.7 cells
Makene, V. W., & Pool, E. J. (2015) · Water and Environment Journal · doi:10.1111/wej.12127 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, NO has a very short half-life, hence excess is instantly converted and stored in the form of nitrite (Shiva 2013).”
BackgroundFlipping Off and On the Redox Switch in the Microcirculation
Katona, M., Gladwin, M. T., & Straub, A. C. (2023) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-031522-021457 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…from the reaction of nitrite with deoxyhemoglobin or deoxygenated erythrocytes has been shown to activate platelet-soluble guanylate cyclase, increase cGMP levels, inhibit platelet activation (137), and inhibit mitochondrial respiration via NO-dependent inhibition of complex IV (137, 143).”
BackgroundMeschiari, C. A., Pinheiro, L. C., Guimarães, D. A., Gerlach, R. F., & Tanus-Santos, J. E. (2015) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-015-1192-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Soliman, M. M., Aldhahrani, A., El-Shazly, S. A., Shukry, M., & Abouzed, T. K. (2021) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-021-02613-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The emerging theme of redox bioenergetics in health and disease
Darley-Usmar, V. M., & Kramer, P. A. (2015) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.4103/2319-4170.155591 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hyperpolarized [15N]nitrate as a potential long lived hyperpolarized contrast agent for MRI
Gamliel, A., Uppala, S., Sapir, G., Harris, T., Nardi‐Schreiber, A., Shaul, D., Sosna, J., Gomori, J. M., & Katz‐Brull, R. (2019) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2019.01.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kukadia, S., Dehbi, H., Tillin, T., Coady, E., Chaturvedi, N., & Hughes, A. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00047 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Tissue and blood nitrite, derived either from oxidation of nitric oxide or dietary sources of nitrite/nitrate, serves as a reservoir from which nitric oxide can be produced through acidification or via proteins, including hemoglobin, that possess nitrite-reductase activity (Shiva, 2013).”
BackgroundStefano, G. B., Esch, T., & Kream, R. M. (2019) · Medical science monitor basic research/Medical science monitor. Basic research · doi:10.12659/msmbr.913264 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Conversely, enzymatic reduction of nitrite to NO within the reduced COX heme a3/CuB active site provides a significant physiological advantage during hypoxic/anoxic environmental conditions due to its O2-sparing effects [45].”
BackgroundStefano, G. B., Esch, T., & Kream, R. M. (2019) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.920174 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Conversely, enzymatic reduction of nitrite to NO within the reduced COX heme a3/CuB active site provides physiologically significant O2-sparing effects under hypoxic/anoxic environmental conditions [20].”
BackgroundDjouwoug, C. N., Gounoue, R. K., Ngueguim, F. T., NankapTsakem, J. M., Gouni, C. D., Kandeda, A. K., Ngouela, S. A., Lenta, B. N., Sewald, N., Boyom, F. F., et al. (2020) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113424 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma-induced cellular responses
Hara, H., & Adachi, T. (2020) · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.35848/1347-4065/abd496 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Carbonic anhydrase II does not regulate nitrite‐dependent nitric oxide formation and vasodilation
Wang, L., Sparacino-Watkins, C. E., Wang, J., Wajih, N., Varano, P., Xu, Q., Cecco, E., Tejero, J., Soleimani, M., Kim‐Shapiro, D. B., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14887 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This physiological and hypoxic nitritedependent NO pathway complements the traditional normoxic L-arginine–NOS–NO pathway, which relies on oxygen and L-arginine as substrates (Lundberg et al., 2009; Shiva, 2013).”
Background
- Authors
- Shiva, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shiva, Sruti
- ORCID
- Shiva, Sruti
- Venue
- Redox Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 40-44
- ISSN
- 2213-2317 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3661298
- OpenAlex
- W2059688150
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 12.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Redox Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (1R01HL096973)
- AHA (09SDG2150066)
- Institution of Transfusion Medicine
- Hemophilia Center of Western Pennsylvania
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- nitrite, nitric oxide, nitric oxide storage, hypoxia, mitochondrial function, nitrite reduction, nitric oxide signaling, redox regulation
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